Sex and seasonal differences in the spatial terrestrial distribution of gray treefrog (Hyla versicolor) populations

Fragmentation of terrestrial landscapes has exacerbated the need to understand the spatial requirements of organisms, especially those that undergo seasonal migrations, such as pond-breeding amphibians. Pond-breeding amphibians spend much of their lives in terrestrial habitat at some distance from aquatic breeding sites. The terrestrial habitat required by a particular individual encompasses the area adjacent to a breeding pond that is used for activities such as foraging or overwintering, as well as the expanses of habitat through which it moves. To elucidate amphibian spatial habitat requirements, we monitored gray treefrog (Hyla versicolor) movements through terrestrial habitat adjacent to breeding ponds using radiotelemetry and mark–recapture along transects of artificial refugia. Results indicate that gray treefrogs frequently make migrations between foraging grounds, overwintering sites, and breeding ponds of 200 m or more, with a maximum-recorded movement distance of 330 m. Additionally, females travel farther than males for reasons independent of body size, and the distribution of males during the breeding season is biased towards breeding ponds relative to the non-breeding season. The data illustrate the importance of habitat directly adjacent to breeding sites for males, and indicate that habitat loss resulting in small patches may have a greater negative impact on females than males, and consequently may have disproportionately large effects on population persistence. These results emphasize that effective management of amphibian breeding locations via protection of both aquatic and adjacent upland terrestrial resources likely requires detailed information regarding variation in movements between the sexes and among seasonal activity periods.     

Genetic variability in cultivated common bean beyond the two major gene pools

It is generally accepted that two major gene pools exist in cultivatedcommon bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), a MiddleAmerican and an Andean one. Some evidence, based on unique phaseolin morphotypesand AFLP analysis, suggests that at least one more gene pool exists incultivated common bean. To investigate this hypothesis, 1072 accessions from acommon bean core collection from the primary centres of origin, held at CIAT,were investigated. Various agronomic and morphological attributes (14categorical and 11 quantitative) were measured. Multivariate analyses,consisting of homogeneity analysis and clustering for categorical data,clustering and ordination techniques for quantitative data and nonlinearprincipal component analysis for mixed data, were undertaken. The results ofmost analyses supported the existence of the two major gene pools. However, theanalysis of categorical data of protein types showed an additional minor genepool. The minor gene pool is designated North Andean and includes phaseolintypes CH, S and T; lectin types 312, Pr, B and K; and mostly A5, A6 and A4 types-amylase inhibitor. Analysis of the combined categorical data ofprotein types and some plant categorical data also suggested that some othergermplasm with C type phaseolin are distinguished from the major gene pools.     

Biomass production and related characters in the core collection of Pisum germplasm

Retention of residue on the soil surface following harvest is an effective method of reducing soil erosion from both wind and water. The pea crop produces small amounts of residue to effectively reduce soil erosion. Severe erosion occurs in pea production areas such as the Palouse Region of the US Pacific Northwest (PNW) when low residue crops such as spring pea or lentil are followed by fall-sown wheat. The current study was conducted to determine the range of total aboveground biomass (TAB), seed yield, and straw (residue) production from the plant identification (PI) accessions that comprise the core collection of Pisum germplasm. In addition, the potential for increasing seed yield and straw production simultaneously was evaluated. Three hundred and ninety PI accessions were screened in the field in 1996 and 1997. The variation for TAB, seed yield and straw production among the PI accessions exceeded that of the controls both years. Seed yield was positively correlated with straw production (r = 0.81, p< 0.01) indicating that seed and straw production can be increased simultaneously through positive selection for both traits. Significant favorable variation is present among accessions in the USDA core collection of Pisum germplasm which could be used to increase both seed yield and total biomass production of adapted breeding lines.     

浙江省石灰土光谱特征及其自动识别分类技术研究

本文通过石灰土专题调查，室内土壤光谱测定及其特定及其特征分析，并在此基础上进行土壤光谱自动识别分类方法的对比试验。明确了浙江省石灰土的四个土类，六个土属的光谱特征分异规律；提出了一种参数少，运算量小，精度高的光谱自动识别新方法－分层提取判别法。     

冬小麦种质“矮孟牛”姊妹系遗传差异

采用田间试验鉴定和基因组分子标记分析相结合的方法,对冬小麦种质“矮孟牛” 7个类型的性状和基因组遗传差异比较分析。结果表明,7个类型在调查的株高、穗长、穗粒数、粒长、粒宽、单株穗数等16个性状方面存在差异,其中矮孟牛V型的主要产量构成因素等性状比较协调,总体优于其他6个类型。在检测的2 210对SSR、EST-SSR和STS标记中,有656对标记可在矮孟牛三亲本中显示多态性,将其用于矮孟牛7个类型全基因组遗传差异分析,并利用GGT2.0绘制7个类型的遗传差异图谱。在矮孟牛V型的1A、1B、2D、3A、4D、7A染色体上检测到8个特异位点,利用矮丰3号/牛朱特和孟县201/牛朱特构建的2个F₂分离群体,经IciMappingV3.0单标记QTL作图分析,发现矮孟牛V型部分特异位点附近存在与产量构成因素等重要性状相关的QTL。矮孟牛V型的基因组特异位点可能是它作为骨干亲本区别于其他姊妹系的重要基因组特征。     

中国大豆(Glycine max)核心种质构建Ⅰ.取样方法研究

 以 2 3 587份中国栽培大豆为试验材料 ,根据农艺性状 ,用 2 0种方法构建了大豆初级核心种质 ,对 3种分层法、3种确定取样数法和 2种个体选择法进行了比较 ,明确了栽培大豆核心种质构建的适宜取样方法和取样比例。不同取样方法与总体都进行了品种分类数、各性状符合度、数量性状平均数、各性状多样性指数方差和平均品种距离共 5个指标的比较分析 ,结果表明 ,三层次取样方法 (品种分类法 )对总体的代表性优于二层次或一层次取样法 ,按比例和平方根确定取样数方法对总体的代表性优于多样性指数法 ,聚类选择的方法对总体的代表性优于随机选择方法。在 2 0种方法不同取样比例条件下 ,方法 17的平均品种距离降低幅度大于方法 15。因此 ,利用品种分类法进行分层 ,用比例法确定取样数目 ,根据聚类结果进行个体选择的方法 15是构建大豆初级核心种质的最佳方法。用最佳方法构建的初级核心种质 ,比较不同取样比例的品种平均距离 ,确定品种平均距离由缓慢降低到明显降低点 (9.0 % )为适当的取样比例     

大豆育种过程中亲子遗传关系的RAPD研究初报

试验以组合８００２４×中１９亲本及其育成品系Ｂ_１，Ｂ_２为材料，用ＲＡＰＤ技术对其亲子关系进行了研究．１０个随机引物（１０ｂｐｓｅ）的ＰＣＲ扩增结果表明，双亲在遗传上有较大差异，母本８００２４有１３条特征带，父本中１９有６条特征带．其在子代中能够重组，使Ｂ_１，Ｂ_２均具有双亲ＲＡＰＤ标记的特征．但经过多代选择，双亲ＲＡＰＤ特征在育成的子代品系中的分布是不均衡的．Ｂ_１更多地继承了母本８００２４的绝大部分ＲＡＰＤ特征，遗传上更近于母本．Ｂ_２则表现出倾向于父本．这一结果与田间观察结果基本一致，说明用ＲＡＰＤ追踪育种过程，探讨亲子遗传关系是可行的．另外，试验观察到子代品系在继承双亲ＲＡＰＤ特征的同时，还出现了新的子代所特有的ＲＡＰＤ特征．产生这种超亲ＲＡＰＤ特征的真实原因及其意义有待进一步研究．     

宁波市三江口滨水核心区城市天际线的思考

从城市天际线的概念、天际线美学讨论了在新时期的城市形象建设中,创造城市天际轮廓线的重要性;并以宁波市三江口滨水核心区为例探讨了城市天际线的设计.     

小麦多小穗新种质创新与选育方法研究

通过少小穗早熟与多小穗晚熟杂交方式创造多小穗中早熟种质,使小麦品种(系)的小穗数目和单穗粒重可大幅度提高。12个组合65个品系的小穗数平均达到25.9个,每穗结实68.3粒,单穗籽粒重量平均达到2.33g。F_1多小穗性状优势明显,表现为倾“多”遗传。F_2小穗表现出超多亲遗传现象。