中国软质小麦品种戊聚糖含量的遗传变异及其与饼干加工品质的关系

 戊聚糖是影响小麦营养和加工品质的重要因素。将17份软质小麦品种进行了两年多点试验，分析了水溶性戊聚糖、非水溶性戊聚糖和总戊聚糖含量的遗传变异和基因型、环境及其互作对其影响；同时研究了3种戊聚糖含量与其它品质性状的关系。结果表明，中国软质小麦品种3种戊聚糖含量均存在显著差异，水溶性戊聚糖、非水溶性戊聚糖和总戊聚糖含量的变异范围分别为0.54%~1.07%、0.87%~1.43%和1.51%~2.47%。基因型和环境对3种戊聚糖含量的影响均达1%显著水平，且基因型是影响水溶性戊聚糖含量的主要因素；基因型和环境互作对其影响未达显著水平。3种戊聚糖含量与粉质仪吸水率呈5%显著正相关，r值分别为0.51、0.55和0.66；水溶性戊聚糖含量与峰值粘度、低谷粘度、最终粘度和峰值时间之间的相关均达1%显著水平，r值分别为-0.72、-0.72、-0.66和-0.70；水溶性戊聚糖和总戊聚糖含量与饼干直径的相关皆达1%的显著水平，相关系数分别为-0.70和-0.69。因此，在软质小麦育种中应注意选择戊聚糖含量较低的品种。     

Effect of high molecular weight glutenins and rye translocations on soft wheat flour cookie quality

The influence of high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) on wheat breadmaking quality has been extensively studied but the effect of different Glu-1 alleles on cookie quality is still poorly understood. This study was conducted to analyze the effect of HMW-GS composition and wheat-rye translocations on physicochemical flour properties and cookie quality of soft wheat flours. Alleles encoded at Glu-A1, Glu-B1 and Glu-D1 locus had a significant effect over physicochemical flour properties and solvent retention capacity (SRC) profile. The null allele for Glu-A1 locus presented the highest cookie factor observed (CF = 7.10), whereas 1BL/1RS and 1AL/1RS rye translocations had a negative influence on CF. The three cultivars that showed the highest CF (19, 44 and 47) had the following combination: Glu-A1 = null, Glu-B1 = 7 + 8, Glu-D1 = 2 + 12 and no secalins. Two prediction equations were developed to estimate soft wheat CF: one using the HMW-GS composition and the other using physicochemical flour parameters, where SRCsuc, SRC carb, water-soluble pentosans, damaged starch and protein turned out to be better CF predictors. This data suggests that grain protein allelic composition and physicochemical flour properties can be useful tools in breeding programs to select soft wheat of good cookie making quality.     

Gluten free rice cookies with resistant starch ingredients from modified waxy rice starches: Nutritional aspects and textural characteristics

Experimental gluten-free (GF) rice cookies were formulated with 100% rice flour (CTR) or by substituting 50% of rice flour with native waxy rice starch (WRS) or with three different resistant starch (RS) ingredients obtained from debranched, annealed or acid and heat-moisture treated WRS (RS_a, RS_b and RS_c, respectively). Chemical composition, in vitro starch digestibility and physical and textural characteristics were carried out. Among cookies, RS_a-cookies had the highest total dietary fibre content, the lowest rapidly digestible starch and the highest RS contents. All the three RS preparations have proved effective in increasing the proportion that tested as RS with respect to native WRS. However, the estimated RS loss for each applied RS ingredients caused by the baking process followed the order of RS_a < RS_c < RS_b. Last, the lowest vitro glycaemic index value was measured for RS_a-cookies. Among cookies, differences in colour and hardness were reported. The partial replacement of commercial rice flour with RS_a could contribute to formulate GF cookies with higher dietary fibre content and likely slowly digestible starch properties more than equivalent amounts of RS_b and RS_c.     

宁麦9号衍生系的品质特性及与酥性饼干直径的关系

为了发掘具有优良加工品质的弱筋小麦品种（系）,分析了宁麦9号及其116份衍生系的磨粉品质、蛋白质含量、溶剂保持力、吹泡仪特性和酥性饼干直径（AACC 10-50D）,调查了各品质性状与酥性饼干直径的关系。结果表明,衍生系内品质性状变异较大,软质衍生系的品质性状和饼干直径显著优于硬质衍生系。吹泡仪弹性、水溶剂保持力、碳酸钠溶剂保持力、蔗糖溶剂保持力在软质衍生系或全部衍生系群体内都与饼干直径呈显著负相关,其中在软质衍生系内的相关系数分别为-0.42（P＜0.05）、-0.40（P＜0.05）、-0.60 （P＜0.001）和-0.45（P＜0.05）。在参试材料中,宁麦9号具有低蛋白、低溶剂保持力、低面筋强度和出粉率高的综合弱筋优良特性,而且其饼干直径（6块饼干直径之和,下同）最大,为49.2 cm;13份软质衍生品系（种）的饼干直径大于48.0 cm,其中5份的饼干直径大于48.6 cm。双亲弱筋品质优良,利于优质后代的选育。     

Effect of high molecular weight glutenins and rye translocations on soft wheat flour cookie quality

The influence of high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) on wheat breadmaking quality has been extensively studied but the effect of different Glu-1 alleles on cookie quality is still poorly understood. This study was conducted to analyze the effect of HMW-GS composition and wheat-rye translocations on physicochemical flour properties and cookie quality of soft wheat flours. Alleles encoded at Glu-A1, Glu-B1 and Glu-D1 locus had a significant effect over physicochemical flour properties and solvent retention capacity (SRC) profile. The null allele for Glu-A1 locus presented the highest cookie factor observed (CF = 7.10), whereas 1BL/1RS and 1AL/1RS rye translocations had a negative influence on CF. The three cultivars that showed the highest CF (19, 44 and 47) had the following combination: Glu-A1 = null, Glu-B1 = 7 + 8, Glu-D1 = 2 + 12 and no secalins. Two prediction equations were developed to estimate soft wheat CF: one using the HMW-GS composition and the other using physicochemical flour parameters, where SRCsuc, SRC carb, water-soluble pentosans, damaged starch and protein turned out to be better CF predictors. This data suggests that grain protein allelic composition and physicochemical flour properties can be useful tools in breeding programs to select soft wheat of good cookie making quality.     

Storage changes in the quality of sound and sprouted flour

Sound and sprouted flours (24 and 48 hr) from bread wheat (WL-1562), durum wheat (PBW-34) and triticale (TL-1210) were stored at room temperature (34.8°C) and relative humidity (66.7%) for 0, 45, 90 and 135 days to assess the changes in physico-chemical and baking properties. Protein, gluten, sedimentation value, starch and crude fat decreased during storage in all the samples; however, the decrease was more in sprouted flours. Free amino acids, proteolytic activity, diastatic activity and damaged starch decreased with increase in storage period. Total sugars and free fatty acids increased more rapidly in the flours of sprouted wheats during 135 days of storage. Loaf volume of breads decreased during storage in both sound and sprouted flour but the mean percent decrease in loaf volume was more in stored sound flours. Aging of sprouted flour for 45 days improved the cookie and cake making properties but further storage was of no value for these baked products.Chapati making properties of stored sound and sprouted flour were inferior to that of fresh counterparts.     

小米曲奇饼干的研制

小米曲奇饼干,是从本地资源出发,遵循品质及营养平衡的原则,选用营养价值较高的晋谷１６号,质优的小麦面粉为主要原料制作而成。它的主要特点在于产品外观美观、ＶＢ１、ＶＢ２含量相当丰富,具有开发前景。     

Preparation of Cookies with Various Native Seaweeds Found on the Korean Coast

ABSTRACT

We investigated the quality characteristics of cookies prepared using different seaweeds native to the Korean coast. Flour made from four different seaweed species (Sargassum fulvellum, Enteromorpha linza, Codium fragile, and Hizikia fusiforme) was used to replace 5% of the regular flour while preparing the cookies. The seaweeds significantly affected solvent retention capacity, thus interfering with gluten network formation. Consequently, the addition of seaweed changed several variables in the cookies, such as moisture content, spread factor, and breaking stress. In sensory evaluation, cookies with Hizikia fusiforme were the most preferred, confirming the possibility of developing cookie products using this seaweed species.     

安徽麦区软质小麦籽粒品质和终端制品品质评价

为明确安徽大田生产环境下软质小麦籽粒和终端产品品质表现,评价优质软麦品种的加工适用性,本研究选取该区当前推广种植的24个软质小麦品种,对其籽粒和面粉的主要品质性状及其制品南方馒头和曲奇饼干的品质进行差异性、相关性分析,并以美国软白麦近五年的主要品质性状平均值为理想指标进行灰色关联度比较。结果表明,供试材料的硬度、面粉色泽b^*、湿面筋含量、面团形成时间、稳定时间等籽粒品质性状变异系数较大,而容重、面粉L^*值和吸水率变异系数较小。南方馒头品质性状中,白度差异最小,比容差异最大;曲奇饼干品质性状中,感官评分变异系数较大,饼干直径均值和变异系数都较小。蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、稳定时间均符合弱筋标准(GB/T 17320-2013)的样品数为0。相关分析表明,容重、降落值、面粉L^*、b^*、白度与大部分性状间相关性不显著;籽粒硬度与水SRC和乳酸SRC均呈显著正相关,与湿面筋含量和面粉a^*值均呈显著负相关。蛋白质含量与面粉a^*值等7个指标均呈显著正相关,与面粉b     

A comparative study of physicochemical tests for quality prediction of Argentine wheat flours used as corrector flours and for cookie production

Several physicochemical tests are employed in quality evaluation of wheat. Most of the exported Argentinean wheat flour is used as corrector flour in breadmaking. A small percentage is actually used in cookie production. No study has determined which predictive tests are most suitable for the quality prediction of bread (using flour as corrector) and cookies made from Argentinean wheat. The objectives of this study were to compare the suitability of predictive tests in the assessment of wheat flour attributes in the production of bread and cookies and to establish the relationship between the tests and flour components. Several expected associations were found between the SRC test and the composition parameters. Moreover, various flour components influencing the SDS sedimentation index (SDS-SI), the Zeleny index and the alkaline water retention capacity (AWRC) were established. The cookie factor (CF) was negatively correlated with sucrose, carbonate and water SRC and with AWRC. In addition, the bread loaf specific volume (LV) was correlated with the SDS-SI, the Zeleny index and the lactic acid SRC. In conclusion, several components of Argentine wheat affecting predictive tests were found. The SRC test allowed straight assessment of the bread and cookie quality of Argentinean wheat.