兴城市花生连作障碍发生原因及防控技术

通过分析花生连作障碍对花生生长发育和土壤的不利影响,阐述花生土传病害发生原因及防控技术,以供参考。     

头季稻氮肥运筹对再生稻干物质积累、产量及氮素利用率的影响

为探讨头季稻不同肥料运筹方式对再生稻产量和氮素利用率的影响,以杂交稻组合"Ⅱ优航2号"为材料,在头季施氮量225.00kg·hm-2的基础上,研究了不同基蘖穗肥氮素配比[3种基蘖肥与穗肥配比分别为8:2(N1)、7:3(N2)、6:4(N3)]头季稻-再生季稻氮素累积量、干物质生产、产量及氮素利用率的特性。结果表明:与N1、N2相比,头季成熟期N3处理氮素累积量分别增加9.26%、3.54%,头季齐穗期～头季成熟期N3处理氮素转移量分别增加21.47%、6.76%,整个生育期N3处理干物质净积累总量分别增加5.10%、4.78%。N3处理头季产量最高,达12431kg·hm-2,极显著高于N1、N2处理;氮肥利用率达46.44%,比N1、N2处理提高14.81%、5.43%;氮肥农学利用率达20.66kg·kg-1,比N1、N2处理提高14.97%、12.34%。研究结果还表明,头季不同基蘖穗肥氮素配比对再生稻再生季的影响不显著。     

连作大豆生物障碍研究

盆栽连作大豆的研究结果表明，连作可使人豆生长发育受阻，病害加重，叶面积减少．根系发育不良，导致产量下降。这种连作障碍可以通过土壤灭菌消除。     

一季中晚稻稻曲病化学防治研究

针对“123种植模式”中一季中晚稻的生育时段主要在5~9月,抽穗扬花期常遇中温、高湿尤其雨天较多,稻曲病发生较严重。2013年以黄华占和金农丝苗为试验材料,在广州市花都区会兴菜场以药剂“三唑酮、爱苗尧井冈霉素”为主处理、以喷施时期“破口前7 d、破口前7d+破口期、破口期”为副处理进行一季中晚稻稻曲病的药效试验和防治适期的研究。结果表明：3种药剂三唑酮尧爱苗尧井冈霉素对稻曲病病穗率和病情指数均具有极显著降低袁但3种药剂间差异不显著袁其中爱苗的防治效果较好曰喷施时期对稻曲病病穗率和病情指数的影响没达显著水平袁但破口前7 d+破口期喷施的防治效果较好曰3 种药剂三唑酮尧爱苗尧井冈霉素处理后增产显著袁其中爱苗的增幅较大袁增产的主要原因是结实率显著提高从而显著增多每穗实粒数曰喷施时期对产量虽有影响袁但差异不显著遥     

连作对土壤性状影响的研究进展

针对连作产生的障碍,综述了连作与土壤理化性状、土壤微生物和土壤酶活性之间的关系,指出连作会造成土壤养分不平衡、土壤微生物区系发生变化、土壤物理性状和土壤酶活性朝着不利于作物生长的方向改变,是影响作物生长发育、产量和品质的主要原因。为此,提出了改良土壤、消除连作障碍的一些措施。     

Influence of water regime on growth,yield, and nitrogen uptake of rice

Abstract

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to study the effects of water regime on growth of rice. The greenhouse experiment investigated the effects of two water regimes‐continuous flooding and flooding with soil drying between crops for 2 to 3 weeks on the growth of rice during six cropping (for six week each) on seven soils varying widely in total N contents (0.07 to 0.35%). The results averaged for the 7 soils indicated that the drymatter production or N uptake of rice was not affected by the water regimes during the six croppings.

The field experiment conducted during the dry season for two consecutive years (1976 and 1977) on a near neutral clay soil studied the effects of three water regimes (continuous flooding alternate flooding and soil drying every 2 weeks, and continuous flooding with 2 weeks mid season soil drying after 6 weeks of transplanting) and three levels of fertilizer N (0, 100 and 200 kg N/ha as urea) on grain yield and N uptake of rice. The results confirmed the absence of any significant reduction in grain yield or N uptake as a result of any of the soil drying treatments during the growing season on the unfertilized plots carrying a rice crop. On the plots fertilized with 100 or 200 kg N/na, alternate flooding and drying resulted in a significant depression in both grain yield and N uptake. Soil analysis supported heavy losses of N in the fertilized plots that underwent alternate flooding and soil drying apparently by nitrification and denitrification reactions.

The results of this study suggest that alternate flooding and drying of soils in the presence of established rice plants itiay not cause a significant loss of nitrogen in unfertilized plots although in plots fertilized with high rates of N the losses may be large as indicated by the performance of rice crop.     

应用~(15)N研究小麦花生两熟制氮肥分配方式对小麦、花生产量及N肥利用率的影响

在小麦花生两熟制条件下 ,全年氮肥两作 3次施用 (小麦基肥、追肥和花生基肥 )氮素利用率为 3 2 52 % ,一作两次施用 (小麦基肥和追肥 )氮素利用率为 3 7 0 1 % ,但前者土壤残留多 ,损失少 ,氮肥回收率为 69 2 4% ,较后者高 1 2 0 3个百分点。且前者有利于小麦、花生产量的形成 ,是小麦花生两熟制适宜的施肥方式。小麦当茬氮肥利用率为 1 6 80 %～ 3 5 63 %。夏直播花生当茬及前茬小麦基肥和追肥 (拔节期 )的氮肥利用率分别为 2 3 70 %、6 57%～ 7 70 %和 1 0 0 3 %～ 1 2 73 % ;施肥时间和施肥量对氮肥利用率影响较大     

Plankton indices explain interannual variability in Prince William Sound herring first year growth

This study examines the relationships between first year growth of juvenile Prince William Sound herring, temperature and their food. We present time series of herring first year growth, determined from scale measurements as a proxy for herring length, water temperature and indices of multiple trophic levels of plankton obtained from Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) sampling on the adjacent Gulf of Alaska shelf. We show that there was a significant correlation between herring growth and water temperature, when the three warmest years were excluded (the mean July and August temperatures were greater than 12.5°C in 1989, 2004 and 2005). There were also strong, significant relationships between the abundance of appropriately sized (for first‐feeding herring) planktonic prey groups and herring growth. First year herring growth was greater in years with higher abundances of diatoms, microzooplankton and small mesozooplankton but not related to variability in abundance of larger mesozooplankton (such as euphausiids and large copepods). Furthermore, the strong interannual relationship between diatoms and herring growth held true even in the warmest years where the relationship between temperature and growth broke down. We also found seasonal timing and abundance changes in the plankton in warm years that would make the prey more abundant during the summer months immediately after metamorphosis of the herring larvae. We thus conclude that young‐of‐the‐year herring may grow better in warm years because the timing of key prey is a better match for their first feeding.     

低丘红壤花生南酸枣间作系统研究III.土壤水分

红壤水分含量随土壤深度而增加为农林间作的水分协同利用提供了可能。但土壤水分动态结果表明农林间作不会改善表层土壤水分状况。南酸枣在干旱季节主要通过吸收深层次土壤水分，与间作花生对表层土壤水分的竞争也不剧烈。与单作南酸枣相比，间作系统中南酸枣种植带土壤水分含量较低。这表明农林间作对土壤水分的影响不是促进间作南酸枣生长、抑制间作花生生长的主要原因。