陇东旱塬区复种不同藜麦品种(系)的适应性初步评价

为分析不同藜麦品种(系)在陇东雨养地区夏播复种的生态适应性,以12个藜麦品种(系)为材料,对其物候期、农艺性状、经济性状、品质性状等指标进行考察,采用相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析法对其适应性进行综合评价。结果表明:供试的12个藜麦品种(系)除LY-2无法复种成熟外,其余的11个品种(系)均能完成生育期;对其19个性状进行相关性分析表明,单位面积籽粒产量与单株粒质量和千粒质量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),而与根倒率、茎倒率呈极显著负相关(P0.01);株高与千粒质量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),籽粒粗蛋白和淀粉分别与籽粒直径和千粒质量呈极显著正相关(P0.01);对其15个性状指标进行主成分分析和聚类分析,对提出的5个主成分累计贡献率达85.04%,根据综合得分,筛选出适应性最好、得分最高的2个品种(系)‘陇藜4号’和‘Q2’;聚类分析表明,11个藜麦品种(系)系统聚为3大类型,各品种(系)间性状与遗传距离方面存在较大差异,其中第三类产量最高,第二类有矮秆、早熟等特性,可根据生产需要和育种目标进行综合考虑。     

菌剂与钾肥配施对连作魔芋生长、生理代谢和发病率的影响

以安康当地花魔芋为材料进行盆栽试验,研究娄彻氏链霉菌（Streptomyces rochei）菌剂D74与钾肥配施对连作魔芋生物学性状、块茎产量、叶绿素含量、活性氧代谢、渗透调节物质含量及软腐病的影响,为魔芋连作障碍微生物-化学双重修复提供理论依据。结果表明：菌剂与钾肥配施对连作魔芋具有一定的促生防病作用,使魔芋单株块茎鲜质量和生长系数分别较对照显著增加86.7%和85.9%,软腐病病情指数降低 33.0%。配施处理中,钾肥和菌剂分别在促进魔芋块茎膨大和抑制软腐病方面发挥主导作用。菌剂与钾肥配施促进魔芋叶片叶绿素的合成,其叶绿素a及叶绿素(a+b)含量分别较对照显著增加51.0%及34.6%,同时叶绿素a/b及叶绿素(a+b)/类胡萝卜素比值分别提高41.8%及22.2%。配施的菌剂效应对叶绿素合成的促进作用占主导地位。菌剂与钾肥配施显著提高魔芋的诱导抗性,其叶片过氧化物酶活性、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量分别为对照的3.1倍、2.9倍和2.2倍。采用主成分分析法对魔芋相关19个生理生化指标分析得出特征值、贡献率、累积贡献率和主成分载荷矩阵,提取3个主成分（叶绿素b、叶幅和相对防效）综合评价菌剂与钾肥配施对魔芋连作障碍的修复效果。不同施肥处理综合得分高低顺序为：菌剂与钾肥配施>单施钾肥>单施菌剂>不施肥对照。综上所述,娄彻氏链霉菌菌剂D74与钾肥配施能提高连作魔芋产量并降低植株发病率,有效缓解连作障碍。     

玉米根系分泌物对连作花生土壤酚酸类物质化感作用的影响

为探究玉米花生间作系统中玉米根系分泌物对连作花生土壤的酚酸类物质化感作用的影响机制,利用CH2Cl2提取了玉米抽雄期根系分泌物,通过室内模拟培养法,研究了玉米根系分泌物对含有不同浓度肉桂酸、邻苯二甲酸及对羟基苯甲酸3种酚酸类物质土壤的微生态环境的影响。结果表明,酚酸类物质均显著降低了土壤微生物量碳和氮的含量,抑制了土壤微生物活性,土壤酶（脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶）活性和养分含量（碱解氮、有效磷和有效钾）亦显著降低,且浓度越高化感抑制作用（RI＜0）越强（P＜0.05）。玉米根系分泌物可降低酚酸类物质对土壤微生物活性、微生物量、酶活性及养分含量的化感指数,以低浓度处理的降幅较大,且在处理第5 d和10 d显著增加了3种酚酸类物质处理的土壤呼吸强度、酶活性、微生物量及养分含量（P＜0.05）;不同酚酸类物质中,以邻苯二甲酸所受影响最大。整个培养时期,玉米根系分泌物对酚酸类物质化感作用的影响以处理第5 d最强,随后呈减弱趋势。3次取样,土壤微生物量、微生物活性、酶活性和养分含量的化感指数分别降低10.03%~64.13%、9.72%~57.51%、13.16%~78.85%和5.88%~59.71%。玉米根系分泌物可通过提高土壤微生物量、微生物活性及养分含量,来降低肉桂酸、邻苯二甲酸和对羟基苯甲酸对土壤微生态环境的化感作用。结果为玉米花生间作缓解花生连作障碍技术提供一定的理论依据。     

连作年限对植烟根际土壤化感物质积累的影响——以湖北黄棕壤烟田为例

为明确烤烟不同连作年限对土壤化感物质积累的影响,以湖北典型的植烟黄棕壤为例,采用甲醇提取–乙酸乙酯3次萃取-GC-MS检测方法,分析其根际土壤中化感物质的组成和含量.结果共检测出化感物质5类13种,其中邻苯二甲酸、对羟基苯甲醛和邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯等在以往植烟土壤研究中未见报道;化感物质含量随连作年限的延长呈增加趋势,与...     

Soil degradation in the tropical lowlands of Santa Cruz,Eastern Bolivia

This paper examines the soil degradation processes that are threatening the productivity of the mechanized annual cropping areas in the Santa Cruz lowlands of tropical eastern Bolivia. The dominant process is that of machinery-induced and natural compaction, which has resulted in an estimated 50 per cent of the soils in the Central Zone being moderately to severely compacted, causing serious root restriction and the loss of both transmission and water-storage pores. Degradation has made the soils increasingly susceptible to moisture stress due to the combined effect of (i) restricted rooting as a result of compaction and the hardsetting characteristics of the soils, (ii) reduced rainfall infiltration due to the loss of transmission pores and surface crusting, and (iii) a decrease in available soil moisture caused by the loss of storage pores, the incorporation of wind-blown fine sand deposits, and soil organic matter losses due to accelerated decomposition rates. The loss of transmission pores has also made the soils more prone to waterlogging in periods of high rainfall. The degradation tendencies of these soils are exacerbated by the greater variability of seasonal rainfall during the last 20 years that has led to a greater frequency or extremely high or extremely low rainfall events than hitherto.     

不同品种及播期对丘区套作大豆产量的影响

在"麦/玉/豆"模式下,研究了不同品种与播期对丘区套作大豆产量的影响.结果表明,品种间产量差异极显著,以晚熟品种(贡选1号)的产量最高,达1375.11 kg/hm2,中熟品种(乐豆1号)次之,早熟品种(浙春3号)最低.与早中熟品种比较,晚熟品种表现为营养生长期较长,与玉米的生殖共生期为零,植株较高,茎粗增加0.13～0.16 cm,分枝多0.38～0.89个,主茎节数多4.47～7.12个,单株有效荚数、每荚粒数极显著高于早中熟品种,适合套作.播期间产量也有差异,以播期6月7日的产量最高.品种不同,表现略有差异.中晚熟品种的适宜播期为6月7日,表现为单株荚数、荚粒数较高;早熟品种以6月14日的产量较高,表现为单株荚数、荚粒数和百粒重较高.     

Amelioration of a highly degraded tropical alfisol by planting I. Changes in soil physical and chemical properties 1989-91

This paper examines soil amelioration by planting 15 leguminous and graminaceous plant species, including herbaceous annuals, perennials and biennials, and woody perennials and biennials. Disturbed and undisturbed natural regrowth were planted with leguminous species, in some cases with fertilizer applied at planting (400 kg ha⁻¹ of 15:15:15 NPK). The studies were made on two highly degraded sites in southwestern Nigeria which had been subjected to intensive mechanized cropping for a period of 10 years. Changes in soil physical and chemical properties were monitored from 1989 to 1991. Acacia difficilis, Brachiaria lata and Mucuna utilis had the lowest survival rates by the following growing season. Soil fertility and compaction levels differed between sites. Planting had no effect on the latter. The decreases in compaction (i.e. macroporosity) between 0.00 and 0.10 m depth at both sites one month before and five and 17 months after planting were 43, 59 and 61 per cent, respectively were attributed to exclusion of heavy machinery from the sites. Large decreases in fertility occurred at both sites and were attributed to a combination of nutrient extraction and to leaching. Between fallow species, exchangeable Ca, pH and the cation-exchange capacity (CEC) were greater and total acids lower for herbaceous cover compared with woody perennials, and was attributed to a higher Ca demand by the latter. Highest and lowest values of Ca, CEC and pH occurred in plots where plant material was returned to the soil (i.e. by cutting or die-back) and in cropped plots, respectively. Natural regrowth was as effective or better than planted species in improving soil physical and chemical properties. Therefore the use of exotic plant species for ameliorating highly degraded alfisols is unnecessary. Amelioration of highly degraded alfisols may be best effected by allowing natural regrowth to occur while excluding all mechanized traffic from the site.     

黄土高原马铃薯不同连作年限土壤 理化性质及微生物特性

以黄土高原旱作区马铃薯不同连作年限土壤为研究对象,采用空间代替时间序列方法,对撂荒（CK₁）、小麦/豌豆/马铃薯轮作（CK₂）、连作2 a、连作4 a和连作6 a等不同连作年限的土壤容重、结构分维、总有机碳、酶活性与微生物数量及变化规律进行研究。结果表明：(1）不同处理土壤容重差异显著,连作6 a土壤容重最小;(2）连作可以改变土壤中不同粒级团聚体的比例,各处理中＞4 mm粒径的土壤含量最高;(3）马铃薯长期连作显著降低土壤有机碳含量,连作6 a土壤总有机碳含量较撂荒降低14.27%; (4）马铃薯主要生育期内土壤转化酶、过氧化氢酶变化动态呈“S”型曲线,脲酶呈“M”型变化趋势,3种酶活性与土壤肥力因子均呈极显著正相关,与土壤容重呈极显著负相关;(5）细菌是连作土壤中优势菌,真菌和放线菌也占一定比重;细菌、真菌和放线菌数量在0～10 cm土层显著高于10～20 cm土层;马铃薯长期连作显著降低土壤微生物数量,群落结构随连作年限明显改变。     

复合微生物菌肥对连作草莓产量和品质的影响

研究了复合微生物菌肥对连作草莓营养生长及产量和品质的影响.结果表明:菌肥处理明显促进草莓营养生长,提高草莓产量和果品质量.其中,菌肥浓度37.5kg/hm2处理的草莓产量最高,前期产量和总产量分别较CK提高了6.74%和5.54%;菌肥处理草莓果实的糖酸比、可溶性固形物和Vc含量分别较CK提高了11.5%、20.0%、17.2%和30.2%,差异显著.     

西北旱区大豆玉米复合种植联合播种机的设计与试验

针对西北旱区大豆玉米复合种植机具短缺、机械化程度低等问题,设计西北旱区大豆玉米复合种植联合播种机。该机由旋耕装置、起垄装置、覆土装置、施肥装置、播种装置及机架等组成,能够实现旋耕、起垄、施肥、双幅覆膜覆土、镇压及播种等多个作业过程。对播种机关键部件进行设计与分析,利用离散元模型对覆土过程进行模拟仿真,分析覆土过程中膜边膜上覆土均匀性;采用DEM-MBD对大豆玉米播种装置耦合仿真,分析大豆玉米播种装置播种均匀性。仿真结果表明：1）土壤因跳跃和泼撒而落到垄面的颗粒数≤1.3%;2）播种装置对大豆和玉米种子挤压力≤10 N,土壤颗粒对鸭嘴的阻力≤50 N。田间试验结果表明：玉米播种装置播种合格率、漏播率和重播率分别为95.63%、1.65%和2.72%,大豆播种装置播种合格率、漏播率和重播率分别为91.24%、0%和8.76%,机组作业期间运行稳定,具有良好的作业效果,满足大豆玉米带状复合种植需求。