一种茶叶鲜叶分级机的研制

在茶叶生产过程中,鲜叶原料分级是其中重要工序之一。当前,茶叶生产企业普遍采用传统滚筒式鲜叶分级机进行分级,对于机采作业而然,存在着鲜叶分级等次少、分级效果差、损伤率高、不方便收集等系列问题,难以适应机采鲜叶的分级要求。针对于这一情况,我们设计了一种新型螺旋导向鲜叶分级机构。本设计增加了筛筒长度,将鲜叶筛选分为四级,增加了分选等级;同时,通过筛筒内设置的双螺旋导向叶片的阻隔作用,延长筛选时间,提升筛选质量,通过改变筛筒形状结构,选用新型复合材料和不锈钢材料,降低机械对鲜叶的损伤率;其次,采用抽屉式的收集结构,更方便筛选后鲜叶的收集。此外,采用风机进行初步分选,减少了鲜叶分级后短碎叶含量,提升了后续分选效果,通过这一系列的改进设计,有望整体提升鲜叶筛选的效率及分级效果,从根本上解决机采鲜叶的分级问题。     

Sex differences in circulating steroid hormone levels in the red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus L.

Steroid profiles of cultured and captive red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus L.) were investigated to evaluate the potential use of circulating sex steroid levels as a tool for gender identification in this species. Cultured 18‐month‐old fish were maintained on a 120‐day shortened photothermal cycle to induce precocious maturation. Additionally, wild‐caught fish were maintained in captivity under simulated natural photothermal conditions from late spring to early fall. Circulating 11‐ketotestosterone (11‐KT) levels were significantly higher in males compared with females during the early stages of gonadal growth in both cultured and captive fish. Plasma testosterone (T) levels showed a similar trend; however, the differences were significant only when males were already producing sperm. 17β‐estradiol (E₂) concentrations were low in males and females before gonadal recrudescence but increased significantly with the progression of vitellogenesis in females. These results show that a test using a minimum concentration of circulating 11‐KT could be developed to differentiate between sexes in the early stages of gonadal maturation in red drum. Moreover, plasma E₂ concentrations could be used to identify vitellogenic females. The two steroids considered together could help avoid possible error in gender identification due to unusually high levels of certain steroids encountered in some individuals.     

Evaluation of fisheries by-catch and by-product meals in diets for red drum Sciaenops ocellatus L.

This study evaluated various by‐catch and by‐product meals of marine origin with red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus L.). Four different kinds of by‐catch or by‐product meals [shrimp by‐catch meal from shrimp trawling, Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone)) processing waste meal, red salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum)) head meal, and Pacific whiting (Merluccius productus (Ayres)) meal] were substituted for Special Select? menhaden fish meal at 33% or 67% of crude protein in diets formulated to contain 40% crude protein, 12% lipid, and 14.6 kJ digestible energy g^?1. Each of these diets and three additional diets consisting of shrimp processing waste meal formulated on a digestible‐protein basis and two Pacific whiting diets containing reduced levels of ash were also evaluated in two 6‐week feeding trials with juvenile red drum (initial weight of 4–5 and 1–2 g fish^?1 in trials 1 and 2). Red drum fed by‐catch meal at either level of substitution performed as well as fish fed the control diet; whereas, fish fed shrimp processing waste meal diets had significantly (P≤0.05) reduced weight gain and feed efficiency ratio values compared with the controls, even when fed on a digestible‐protein basis. The diets containing Pacific whiting at either levels of substitution and regardless of ash level supported similar performance of red drum as those fed the control diet. Fish fed the red salmon head meal diet fared poorly, probably owing to an excessive amount of lipid in the diet that became rancid. Overall, by‐catch meal associated with shrimp trawling and Pacific whiting appear to be suitable protein feedstuffs for red drum.     

A preliminary study on the effects of dietary supplementation of brewers yeast and nucleotides, singularly or in combination, on juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus)

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with brewers yeast (Brewtech^®) and nucleotides (Optimûn), either singularly or in combination, on red drum growth, body composition, stress responses and possible resistance to Amyloodinium ocellatum infection. Juvenile red drum (～1 g initially) fed practical fish‐meal‐based diets for 6 weeks had similar weight gain regardless of whether the diet was unsupplemented (basal) or supplemented with brewers yeast (2% of diet), nucleotides (Optimûn at 0.2% of diet) or both brewers yeast (2% of diet) and nucleotides (Optimûn at 0.2% of diet). Dietary effects on hepatosomatic index, intraperitoneal fat ratio or whole‐body composition were not significant, except that fish fed the singular nucleotide supplement had a significantly higher whole‐body lipid content compared with fish fed the basal diet. No significant dietary effects on cortisol response were observed after a 15 min confinement stress test perhaps because of the extreme variation among individual fish. Subsequently, in situ challenge by co‐habitation with A. ocellatum caused 100% mortality regardless of dietary treatment within a 48 h period. It is concluded that dietary supplementation of brewers yeast and nucleotides did not promote enhanced growth or improved cortisol response and resistance to uncontrolled amyloodiniosis in juvenile red drum, at least at the tested dosages.     

联合运输机设计忽视的因素

联合运输机组的滚筒出河机在设计，试验研究过程中都忽视了原木重心与原木形心位置不一致的因素。它促使较在径级原木在滚筒出河机上打横，造成停机。     

小型轴流滚筒结构及工作参数优化试验

解决动力偏低是小动力拖拉机配套联收机的关键问题,为寻求降低脱粒、分离部件功耗的途径,本研究设计了专用试验台架,用正交试验法,就脱粒滚筒的结构、工作参数优化等问题,进行了两年的室内试验。结果表明,当喂入量在0.75kg/s时,脱粒、清选全部功耗可控制在4.4kW以下。文中对根据试验结果研制的飞龙-0.75联收机的功耗、性能、田间实测情况也作了简要介绍。     

堆肥滚筒筛工作参数的正交模拟分析——基于离散元理论

为了提高堆肥滚筒筛的工作效率,减小能量损耗,基于离散元理论,对影响堆肥滚筒筛工作效率的主要因素进行三因素三水平正交模拟试验。通过极差分析得到各因素对筛分性能影响的主次顺序,综合分析收集率和筛分率,得到转速32r/min、抄板高度30 mm、倾角5°时滚筒筛分性能最好。对优水平方案的处理量进行6组单因素试验,拟合试验数据表明:滚筒筛处理量为31. 05 t/h时,滚筒筛的利用率最高。     

转鼓式固体发酵罐支承结构设计及有限元分析

为实现以甜高粱为原料的先进固态发酵法(advancedsolid-statefermentation,ASSF)生产燃料乙醇工艺的大规模、自动化、连续生产而开发的大型转鼓式固体发酵罐,其支承结构的设计是影响设备安全稳定运行的决定性因素。通过分析甜高粱秆碎料在发酵罐内的运动特点,确定了加载在筒体和支承结构上的载荷状况。应用有限元分析软件ANSYS对的支承系统各部件进行了三维实体建模,考虑了各部件间的接触关系,对工作状态下的非线性接触应力做出了理论分析和数值模拟,分别得出了支承系统内摩擦环、支撑轮和轮轴的应力分布规律。根据有限元分析结果,以限制筒体变形量和避免疲劳裂纹扩散作为主要关注点,提出了在制造过程中需要控制焊接变形和减少焊接残余应力的重点部位和技术要求。通过电测应力法在工程现场对仿真结果进行验证,结果表明:有限元计算对应力峰值部位预测结果与试验值一致,得到的应力分布规律具有较高的准确性。该研究可为类似大型回转式农业机械的支承结构的设计提供参考。     

美国红鱼游泳体能分配模型及其在海区选址中的应用

以深水网箱养殖的美国红鱼为研究对象,通过研究其游泳时主要能量物质和代谢产物的变化规律,构建美国红鱼的游泳体能分配模型,最后结合特定的潮流规律,建立养殖海区最大潮流选择的理论方法。结果显示,美国红鱼游泳过程中,血糖浓度会显著提高,肌糖原有少量减少,肝糖原会显著降低,鱼类游泳接近疲劳时,肝糖原浓度亦接近耗尽;美国红鱼以较高速度游泳过程中,血乳酸和肌乳酸浓度会有较明显的增加,表明美国红鱼游泳过程伴随着无氧呼吸和有氧呼吸两种能量物质代谢过程。本实验提出以肝糖原浓度作为判定鱼类持续游泳能力的重要指标,并建立了基于肝糖原储能消耗的美国红鱼游泳体能分配模型。最后基于美国红鱼体能分配模型,结合养殖海区潮流规律,提出了美国红鱼养殖海区最大潮流流速选择的计算方法。研究表明,本实验提出的鱼类游泳体能分配模型构建方法以及鱼类养殖海区潮流选择论证方法,可为相关研究提供新的途径,为深水网箱、浅海围网等海洋养殖模式的海区潮流选址提供科学的参考依据。     

饲料维生素E含量对美国红鱼生长和非特异性免疫的影响

采用单因子实验设计方法,进行了饲料中添加维生素E对美国红鱼生长（存活率、特定生长率和饲料效率）和非特异性免疫相关指标（血清中溶菌酶活性、血清总补体活性和超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）活性）影响的研究,设计了5个不同维生素E水平（0．1、25．3、51．0、102．8和203．2mg／kg）的等氮等能饲料,对美国红鱼进行为期56d的生长实验,每个水平3个重复,每个养殖单元放养初始体重为151g左右的美国红鱼20尾。饲养实验在海水网箱（1．5m×1．0m×1．0m）中进行。结果表明,随着饲料维生素E含量增加,美国红鱼饲料效率、特定生长率和成活率显著提高,美国红鱼最佳生长性能的饲料维生素E添加量为102．8mg／kg;美国红鱼血清溶菌酶和血清总补体活性随着维生素E的添加量的增加而显著升高,并且维生素E的添加量达到最高值102．8和25．3mg／kg,随后变化不明显;美国红鱼血清SOD活性随维生素E添加量的增加而显著升高,并且含量在102．8mg／kg达到最高值,随后显著下降。综上所述,美国红鱼维生素E的适宜添加量为102．8mg／kg。