基于L-THIA模型的密云水库地区非点源污染空间分布特征

农业生产营养物质的输出是造成水环境污染的重要原因之一。该文以北京密云水库周边地区为研究区域,基于土地利用、土壤以及降水等下垫面信息,利用长期水文影响评价(The Long-Term Hydrologic Impact Assessment,L-THIA)模型,估算研究区内污染物的长期平均输出负荷,并分析其空间分布特征。研究结果表明：不同土地利用类型的污染物输出负荷是不同的,其中以农用地对研究区内非点源污染的影响最大。结果表明,在流域规划和管理中使用L-THIA模型分析农业非点源污染的空间分布是可行的。     

3种水生植物对铅污染水体的抗性研究

通过盆栽试验,在静态模拟自然状况下的小型水体中设置3个铅污染水平,研究花叶芦竹、石菖蒲、水生鸢尾对不同浓度铅污染水体的净化能力及其抗性生理特征。结果表明：在不同浓度铅污染水体中,石菖蒲的长势最好,其株长和茎长均达到最高,可达61.17 cm和41.23 cm;花叶芦竹的根长则表现为最好,为21.23 cm。3种水生植物的根系活力表现为花叶芦竹>石菖蒲>水生鸢尾。在低浓度和高浓度铅污染水体中,石菖蒲的叶绿素a含量高于水生鸢尾和花叶芦竹,水生鸢尾的叶绿素b含量高于石菖蒲和花叶芦竹;在CK和低浓度铅污染水体中,3种水生植物的叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量和总叶绿素含量均表现为最高。花叶芦竹对铅污染水体的净化能力最强,净化能力随着铅浓度的增加也发生了下降。因此,花叶芦竹、石菖蒲和水生鸢尾3种水生植物对不同浓度铅污染水体均有一定的适应性和净化效果,表现为石菖蒲的适应性较强,花叶芦竹净化效果最好。     

Effects of Cd and Pb pollution on soil enzymatic activities and soil microbiota

Based on a representative sampling method and pot experiment with different concentrations of Cd and Pd, the enzymatic activities (urease, phosphatase, catalase, invertase), population of bacteria, fungus and actinomycete in the soil, the Cd and Pd pollution status of soil samples (from the wastewater-irrigated area of Baoding suburb) were appraised. Unitary linear and nonlinear curve-fitting optimization models were applied in the research, and the relationship between Pb and Cd causing pollution and enzymatic activities of the tested soils were discussed. The research may provide a theoretical basis for protecting the environment in the region of Baiyangdian Lake, Hebei province, prevent soil pollution, and ascertain biochemical indexes, which reflect soil heavy metal pollution levels. The research results indicated that: (1) there was obvious accumulation of Pb and Cd in the wastewater-irrigated area, also the accumulation in wastewater-irrigated soil is more than that in fresh water-irrigated soil, and accumulation on surface layer was more than that in the lower layer. Pb and Cd contents in the tested soils exceeded the standards of soil background values for some major cities at home and abroad and the world soil Cd and Pb contents range. This means that the tested soil had reached a lightly polluted level; (2) there existed an obvious negative correlation between soil enzymatic activities and Pb and Cd contents in wastewater-irrigated soil, where the soil urease and catalase activities decreased obviously with the increase of Pb and Cd contents in soil. Therefore, the urease and catalase can be considered as biochemical indexes that reflect the degree of soil Pb and Cd pollution; (3) the pot experiments indicated that the influence of Cd on soil enzymatic activities was greater than that of Pb. Generally, the effect of Cd on soil phosphatase, urease, catalase is more obvious than that on invertase, while Pb has a more obvious effect on invertase than Cd; (4) pot experiments of triple cropping showed that, Cd and Pb had an obvious inhibiting effect on microbes. The influence sensitivity of Cd and Pb on different microbes was ordered as bacteria > actinomycete > fungus. Cd had a greater inhibiting effect on microbes than Pb, the influence of Cd and Pb on actinomycete and fungus was relatively smaller, therefore, bacteria can be chosen as an important index that reflects the effect of Cd and Pb on microbe sensitivity.     

白洋淀湖心岛分散式鸭养殖污染控制技术研究

白洋淀分散鸭养殖产生的污染物是导致其水体污染的主要来源之一。依据“减量化、就地处置资源化、养分循环”思路,提出湖心岛分散鸭养殖污染控制模式,主要包括：鸭粪收集系统（收集网、径流和冲洗水收集沟）、鸭粪沼气发酵与利用系统、沼液湿地净化和沼渣利用系统。选择安新县安新镇王家寨村占地5 000 m2养殖1 500只鸭的湖心岛建立综合控制示范工程。2010年4~11月,示范工程在典型降雨日和非降雨日排水的COD、总氮、总磷分别为351 mg/L、74.2 mg/L、7.1 mg/L和214 mg/L、42.1 mg/L、5.3 mg/L,水质符合《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》（GB 18596-2001）;这是由于源头收集系统收集了陆上活动区40%的鸭粪,同时末端处理系统（沉淀池+人工湿地）对养鸭废水污染物的高效削减。沼气池产生的沼气和剩余的沼液沼渣可以作为能源和肥料加以利用。本文集成湖心岛分散鸭养殖污染控制模式简便、适用,具有推广价值。     

微生物对油污地石油的降解作用及影响因素

生物降解有机物可能成为净化土壤和水资源的一种有效方式.生物降解手段的成本与焚化、贮存或土壤清洗相比要低.重点探讨了微生物对油污地石油降解的机理,分析了影响微生物降解的相关因素,包括营养物质和化合物、氧气、水、温度、核酸等,还探讨了油污地降解过程中植物的作用及生物降解微生物的作用,以期为油污地的治理提供基础理论依据.     

国内外遥感技术在非点源污染模拟中的应用

综述了遥感技术在土壤类型和性质、植被类型和性质、水文气象以及土地利用等直接影响非点源污染产生的因素中的应用,以期为模型模拟与遥感技术联合研究非点源污染提供借鉴。     

昆明市云龙水库径流区氮磷非点源污染负荷分析

云龙水库是昆明市最大的城市集中式饮用水源地。水源区农业非点源污染是影响水库水质的主要来源,因此分析水库径流区氮磷非点源污染负荷与来源构成,可为饮用水源区水质保护提供科学依据。采用输出系数模型法,对昆明市云龙水库径流区氮、磷负荷的产生量与入库量进行了估算。结果表明:(1)云龙水库径流区氮、磷非点源污染负荷产生量分别为2079.8和454.32t/a,入库量分别为207.98和24.73t/a。(2)从不同乡镇分析,撒营盘镇的氮、磷负荷产生量最高,云龙乡和茂山镇产出量较低,其余乡镇产生量相近。(3)从不同污染源类型分析,该区非点源污染的主要污染源为农村生活污染和畜禽粪便污染。     

缓解我国水资源危机的若干对策

我国正面临着严重的资源型缺水和污染型缺水 ,唤起全民的节水、护水意识决不是权宜之计 本文从节流、治污、惩污、多渠道开源以及加强和完善水管理体系等方面 ,提出了缓解我国水资源危机的若干对策     

土壤锗污染对土壤微生物的生态毒理效应

着重讨论土壤添加Ge对土壤微生物的生态效应及土壤Ge污染临界含量。盆栽试验表明,在土壤Ge含量2～2 0 0mgkg-1范围,低浓度Ge对土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌有刺激作用,随着浓度增高,而交替出现抑制和刺激作用。土壤Ge浓度与明亮发光杆菌T3发光度之间有极显著的负相关性,按照T3发光度80 %和10 0 %为临界值,计算得土壤Ge临界浓度分别为5 0 2mgkg-1和5 8mgkg-1。     

Organoclays for controlled release of the herbicide fenuron

Organoclays were assayed as matrices in which to associate herbicides, with the aim of decreasing product losses that could give rise to water contamination from agricultural activities. Fenuron was selected as model of a very mobile and highly water-soluble herbicide. Two different organoclays of high (A-HDT) and low (H-C18) reversible fenuron sorption were selected. Herbicide-organoclay complexes were prepared from the two organoclays and with two different fenuron contents (20 and 40 g AI kg-1) and two different mixing times, so as to form a series of weak and strong complexes. The release of fenuron from those complexes into water and water/soil suspensions gave values of T50 (time to release 50% of the fenuron content) ranging from 0.3 min to 2400 h. The total fenuron released in these closed systems ranged from 48 to 80% of the fenuron in the complex. The organoclay type (high or low sorptivity) had the greatest influence on fenuron release, followed by the strong or weak complex, suggesting that herbicide-organoclay interactions are the main factors controlling release. Soil column leaching experiments showed fenuron-organoclay complexes to be effective in reducing the peak herbicide concentration in the leachate to a half (6 microns) or a quarter (3 microns) of that obtained from the free technical compound (12 microns). Herbicide lost through leaching was reduced from 78% for the free technical fenuron to 50-30%, depending on the organoclay used as carrier and the strength of the complex. Bioassay with ryegrass showed that the weak fenuron/H-C18 complex (40 g AI kg-1) gave the same herbicidal activity as technical fenuron. The potential suitability of low-sorptive organoclays for conferring slow-release properties on the fenuron complex has been demonstrated.