内蒙古典型草原区地表干湿状况变化趋势及影响因素分析

分析气候变化对典型草原区干湿状况的影响,对于了解草原退化原因、恢复草原生态环境有重要的指导意义。本文根据FAO推荐的彭曼一孟蒂斯方程,利用典型草原区1961—2008年25个地面气象站资料,通过计算潜在蒸发量、地表干燥度指数和水分盈亏量,分析了典型草原区地表干湿状况的空间分布规律及其年代际变化趋势,并探讨了它们与气候要素的相互关系。结果表明：（1）典型草原区牧草生长季干燥度指数均在2．0以上,水分亏缺量在400mm以上,属于地表干燥、水分亏缺状态。且整个牧草生长季4—9月,地表仍以干燥、水分亏缺为主。（2）典型草原区地表干湿状况存在着明显的阶段性变化特征。20世纪60、70年代水分亏缺多、干燥度大,属于气候相对干燥时期;80、90年代水分亏缺减少、干燥度降低;2001—2008年,水分亏缺量和干燥度指数逐渐增大,甚至达历史最大值,成为气候最为干燥时期,且变干倾向显著。（3）对典型草原区地表干湿状况影响最显著的因子为降水量和相对湿度（相关系数在0．8以上）,其次为日照时数（相关系数在0．6以上）,平均气温和平均风速对其影响相对较小。     

人类宜居的汝城中部盆地气候舒适度研究

通过空气温度和相对湿度的组合确定人对周围环境感觉舒适的程度,采用舒适度列线图确定汝城县近三年逐日气候舒适程度。根据舒适程度分类标准,计算各等级的天数和各年的气候舒适期及其逐月分布状况,取三年平均值。采用Biiltner确认的日舒适有效温度等级,用日舒适有效温度计算式,计算每日逐时舒适有效温度及其持续时间。结果表明汝城县中部盆地,年气候舒适期长达196d,是目前湖南气候舒适期最长的县域。盛夏7月,昼夜24h内,夜间舒适有效温度持续长达9~16h,无极不舒适时间。适宜开展休闲度假、生态养生旅游,是人类居住的理想地域。       

二青杨生长量的灰色预测模型

本文根据在内蒙古采伐的25年生二青杨解析木生长量资料,与该地区同时期的气候资料进行关联分析,求得影响二青杨生长的主要气候因素是干燥度;然后用干燥度分别与高、径、材积生长量资料建立了GM(0,2)静态模型;最后应用Verhulst动态模型进行了材积预测分析。结果表明,二青杨在11,22树龄期间,年材积生长量最快,可达到0.015-0.0017立方米,然后生长速度趋于下降,到30树龄时,仅为0.001立方米,就应该采伐更新。     

我国林业CDM固C项目的前景、影响及相关对策

本文从林业的角度对《联合国关于气候变化的框架公约》，《京都议定书》的相关条款做了介绍，并对CDM（清洁发展机制)林业固C项目在我国开展的前景及影响做了分析。主要结论如下：1)CDM林业固C项目是我国林业发展的重大机遇，通过为林业争取国外资金、技术支持及促进生态效益补偿制度的建立，将有力促进我国林业展与生态建设。2)为了充分把握CDM林业固C项目的机会，需要对林业的固C总量及固C潜力，可纳入CDM的林业固C项目的类型与特征，合适的CDM固C造林技术及模式，C贮量测定的标准化以及CDM的运行机制等进行研究。3)建议通过国际合作研究培养相关人材，开展小规模的CDM固C项目试点，并通过相关部门积极申报CDM森林固C项目。     

气候变化对黄山区域生物多样性保护的影响与对策

以黄山区域自然保护区为研究对象,利用黄山50年气象观测数据分析气候变化趋势和主要特征,总结、分析、评估与预测气候变化对生物多样性的影响和潜在威胁。结果表明：①50年来黄山区域年均气温总体呈上升趋势,气候正趋变暖,但局部期间也有震荡现象。特别是20世纪90年代以来,气温升高比较显著;②黄山年降水总趋势呈波动性减少,减少率为-2．28mm／年。上世纪90年代以后,降水偏多,21世纪初降水显著偏少;近20年来极端天气发生频繁,未来有些极端事件的发生频数还可能会更高。③气候变暖会加剧病虫害的流行及黄山森林的脆弱性,改变森林结构与分布,致使多数森林群落生产力趋于下降,使动、植物物候产生了不同程度的响应。气温升高和降水模式的变化可能导致松材线虫等外来物种产生快速扩散与大规模入侵,致使黄山松受到严重威胁。     

播期对川中丘陵区油菜倒伏性状的影响

油菜机械化生产中,植株倒伏是影响机械化收获的重要因素。为探讨不同播种期对川中丘陵区油菜倒伏性状的影响,以川油36和蓉油18为供试材料,分别设置9月22日、9月29日、10月6日、10月13日和10月20日5个播期处理,分析不同播期条件下油菜生育期气象因子、倒伏性状指标的变化情况。结果表明,随播种期推迟,油菜生育期内的降水量、积温、日均最高气温、日均最低气温和日照时长均逐渐下降,生育期逐渐缩短,成熟期植株株高、分枝部位、根颈粗、茎秆粗降低,倒伏系数增加。油菜抗倒伏能力在9月22-29日播期处理之间最强。因此,川中丘陵区油菜的适宜播期为9月下旬。     

Short-term water management at early filling stage improves early-season rice performance under high temperature stress in South China

Asymmetric warming and frequent temperature extremes are the consequences of climate change that are affecting crop growth and productivity over the globe while heat stress at early filling stage is of serious concern for the early-season rice in double cropping rice system of South China. In present study we assessed different short-term water management strategies to cope with the high temperature at early filling stage in rice. Water was applied as flood irrigation at two various depths i.e., 4–5 cm (I1) and 5–10 cm (I2) during 9:00–18:00 and then drained off at 18:00 as well as applied over-head during different time spans i.e., over-head sprinkle irrigation during 11:00–12:00, 13:00–14:00 and 14:00–15:00 at 60–80% relative humidity (RH) at early filling stage and regarded as S1, S2 and S3, respectively. A control was maintained with the maintenance of 1 cm water layer as normal farmer practice of this region. A fragrant rice cultivar, ‘Yuxiangyouzhan’ in early March (regarded as early season rice) in both 2014–15 and the effectiveness of different water management strategies were measured by estimating physio-biochemical responses, photosynthesis, yield and quality of rice exposed to high temperature stress at early filling stage. Our results showed that water treatments lowered lipid peroxidation (in terms of reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) contents) whilst proline and protein contents were affected differently. The water treatments also regulated the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), nevertheless, improved plant photosynthesis and gas exchange, rice yield and quality attributes considerably by lowering severity of canopy temperatures than control (CK). On average, both flood and sprinkler water application were proved effective against high temperature stress, nonetheless, flood irrigated treatments were remained more effective than sprinkler which provided 26.58 and 43.63% higher grain yields in 2014–15, respectively than CK. On average, 5.58 and 11.92% higher grain yields were recorded in flood irrigation than sprinkler irrigation whereas among individual water application treatments, I1 was noted as the most effective regarding grain yield of rice (26.76 and 49.35% higher yield than CK) in both years which suggests that maintenance of 4–5 cm water layer might be helpful for the rice to withstand against high temperature stress at post heading and/or early filling stage in early-season rice production in South China.     

基于元胞自动机模型的土地利用情景模拟与驱动力分析

土地利用格局的形成过程比其最终形成的结果更为重要。本文以哈尔滨市双城区为例,利用不同时期的土地利用数据,在土地利用变化关键驱动因素分析的基础上,选取了对土地利用变化影响较大的距离变量、邻近土地利用类型数量、单元自然属性、社会经济因素等4方面14个驱动力因子,建立了基于元胞自动机(CA)与人工神经网络(ANN)相结合的土地利用空间格局模拟模型。在此基础上,对研究区自然禀赋、社会经济快速发展、基本农田保护及土地利用规划等不同情景驱动机制下的土地利用空间格局进行了时空模拟,以此解析土地利用变化过程与驱动力因素的响应关系。模拟结果显示：自然禀赋情景下,各地类变化趋势与现在保持一致;在社会经济快速发展情景下,建设用地面积增加明显,主要由旱地和其他用地转入;在基本农田保护情景下,耕地面积比较稳定,各地类变化趋势较为缓和;在土地利用规划情景下,各地类变化较为合理,兼顾耕地保护和经济发展。研究结果显示,该方法对哈尔滨市双城区土地利用格局变化的驱动机制具有较好的解释作用。     

Tree-ring response of Larix chinensis on regional climate and sea-surface temperature variations in alpine timberline in the Qinling Mountains

Tree-ring width chronologies of Larix chinensis were developed from the northern and southern slopes of the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province,and climatic factors affecting the tree-ring widths of L.chinensis were examined.Correlation analysis showed that similar correlations between tree-ring width chronologies and climatic factors demonstrated that radial growth responded to climate change on both slopes.The radial growth of L.chinensis was mainly limited by temperature,especially the growing season.In contrast,both chronologies were negatively correlated with precipitation in May of the previous year and April of the current year.Spatial climate-correlation analyses with gridded land-surface climate data revealed that our tree-ring width chronologies contained a strong regional temperature signal over much of northcentral and eastern China.Spatial correlation with seasurface temperature fields highlights the influence of the Pacific Ocean,Indian Ocean,and North Atlantic Ocean.Wavelet coherence analysis indicated the existence of some decadal and interannual cycles in the two tree-ring width chronologies.This may suggest the influences of El Nin˜o-Southern Oscillation and solar activity on tree growth in the Qinling Mountains.These findings will help us understand the growth response of L.chinensis to climate change in the Qinling region,and they provide critical information for future climate reconstructions based on this species in semi-humid regions.     

Variation in glomalin in soil profiles and its association with climatic conditions,shelterbelt characteristics,and soil properties in poplar shelterbelts of Northeast China

Glomalin-related soil protein(GRSP)sequesters large amounts of carbon and plays important roles in maintaining terrestrial soil ecosystem functions and ecological restoration;however,little is known about GRSP variation in 1-m soil profiles and its association with stand characteristics,soil properties,and climatic conditions,hindering GRSP-related degraded soil improvement and GRSP evaluation.In this study,we sampled soils from 1-m profiles from poplar(Populus spp.)shelterbelts in Northeast China.GRSP contents were 1.8–2.0 times higher in the upper 40 cm soil layers than at 40–100 cm.GRSP-related soil organic carbon(SOC)sequestration in deeper soil layers was*1.2 times higher than in surface layers.The amounts of GRSP-related nutrients were similar throughout the soil profile.A redundancy analysis showed that in both surface and deeper layers,soil properties(pH,electrical conductivity,water,SOC,and soil nutrients)explained the majority of the GRSP variation(59.5–84.2%);the second-most-important factor in GRSP regulation was climatic conditions(temperature,precipitation,and altitude),while specific shelterbelt characteristics had negligible effects(<5%).Soil depth and climate indirectly affected GRSP features via soil properties,as manifested by structural equation model analysis.Our findings demonstrate that GRSP is important for carbon storage in deep soils,regardless of shelterbelt characteristics.Future glomalin assessments should consider these vertical patterns and possible regulating mechanisms that are related to soil properties and climatic changes.