午潮山常绿阔叶林气候生态效应定位研究

午潮山常绿阔叶林气候生态效应，经过８年（１９８８￣１９９５）定位观测研究，取得了若干规律性数据，加深了对常绿阔叶林生态系统气候生态学特征的认识，为持续经营、保护、利用和发展常绿阔叶林，提供了一定的科学依据。文中较系统地论述了午潮山常绿阔叶林的日照、温度、湿度，林内降水量再分配，酸雨等问题。     

1961~2013年天峻地区草地气候生产力的变化分析

依据天峻县1961~2013年的年平均气温和降水量气象观测资料,采用目前常用的Thomthwaite Memorial模型计算了草地气候生产力TSPV。结果表明,天峻地区的TSPV总体呈现显著增加趋势,尤其是2000年以来,达到年代最大;平均气温对天峻地区TSPV的影响占主导地位,而年降水量的影响相对较小,但不容忽视;气候变化对TSPV影响明显,"暖湿型"气候对草地植被生长最有利,平均增产9.2%~18.3%,"冷湿型"、"冷干型"、"暖干型"气候对草地植被生长均较不利。     

丹东市蓝莓种植气候影响及发展建议

为推动蓝莓产业发展,2022年,对辽宁省丹东市蓝莓主产区的气候资源进行了调查和分析。结果表明：丹东市蓝莓主产区的温、光和水气候资源丰富,满足蓝莓生长所需的气候条件,结合该地区的地理区位、自然环境、技术条件、投资成本等方面优势,十分有利于蓝莓产业发展。但同时,因丹东所处沿边、沿海、沿江地理环境特殊性,大风、冰雹、连阴雨等气象灾害较为频发,对蓝莓特色农业造成一定影响,尤其是冰雹气象灾害最为严重,在蓝莓花果期,可导致绝收绝产,大风和连阴雨气象灾害相对较轻,根据气象灾害发生的规律提出了防御手段,针对本地区气候条件特征,提出了促进蓝莓产业发展的建议和措施。     

Modelling the biological invasion of Prosopis juliflora using geostatistical-based bioclimatic variables under climate change in arid zones of southwestern Iran

Invasive species have been the focus of ecologists due to their undesired impacts on the environment.The extent and rapid increase in invasive plant species is recognized as a natural cause of global-biodiversity loss and degrading ecosystem services.Biological invasions can affect ecosystems across a wide spectrum of bioclimatic conditions.Understanding the impact of climate change on species invasion is crucial for sustainable biodiversity conservation.In this study,the possibility of mapping the distribution of invasive Prosopis juliflora(Swartz)DC.was shown using present background data in Khuzestan Province,Iran.After removing the spatial bias of background data by creating weighted sampling bias grids for the occurrence dataset,we applied six modelling algorithms(generalized additive model(GAM),classification tree analysis(CTA),random forest(RF),multivariate adaptive regression splines(MARS),maximum entropy(Max Ent)and ensemble model)to predict invasion distribution of the species under current and future climate conditions for both optimistic(RCP2.6)and pessimistic(RCP8.5)scenarios for the years 2050 and 2070,respectively.Predictor variables including weighted mean of CHELSA(climatologies at high resolution for the Earth’s land surface areas)-bioclimatic variables and geostatistical-based bioclimatic variables(1979–2020),physiographic variables extracted from shuttle radar topography mission(SRTM)and some human factors were used in modelling process.To avoid causing a biased selection of predictors or model coefficients,we resolved the spatial autocorrelation of presence points and multi-collinearity of the predictors.As in a conventional receiver operating characteristic(ROC),the area under curve(AUC)is calculated using presence and absence observations to measure the probability and the two error components are weighted equally.All models were evaluated using partial ROC at different thresholds and other statistical indices derived from confusion matrix.Sensitivity analysis showed that mean diurnal range(Bio2)and annual precipitation(Bio12)explained more than 50% of the changes in the invasion distribution and played a pivotal role in mapping habitat suitability of P.juliflora.At all thresholds,the ensemble model showed a significant difference in comparison with single model.However,Max Ent and RF outperformed the others models.Under climate change scenarios,it is predicted that suitable areas for this invasive species will increase in Khuzestan Province,and increasing climatically suitable areas for the species in future will facilitate its future distribution.These findings can support the conservation planning and management efforts in ecological engineering and be used in formulating preventive measures.     

Future climate risk and urban tree inventories in Australian cities: Pitfalls,possibilities and practical considerations

Urban tree inventories are useful tools to assess the environmental and socio-economic services provided by urban forests. These inventories enable the evaluation of the climate change risk to urban forests, and governments rely on such inventories for urban planning and management. Here, we assessed the future climate risk of Australia and the state of urban tree inventories across 116 local government areas (LGAs), representing 21 % of the country’s LGAs and encompassing 55 % of the national human population. We evaluated projected changes in temperature and precipitation by 2050 for each LGA and conducted a survey to obtain information on the extent and types of data available in existing urban tree inventories. Additionally, we compiled demographic, socio-economic, and geographical data for all LGAs to explore correlates with tree inventory status. Temperature increases in 2050 were predicted in all LGAs, with higher latitude and smaller LGAs identified to undergo greater increases in temperature compared to larger and lower latitude LGAs. Decreases in seasonal precipitation were predicted for 97 LGAs. Seventy-six (66 %) of surveyed LGAs had urban tree inventories, which most commonly included trees along streets and in parks. Sixty-one LGAs record information on tree mortality, while 31 LGAs dynamically update their inventories. The presence of an inventory and the area it covered were positively associated with human population density. More than 30 years ago, in 1988, John Gray wrote that “insufficient statistics were available in Australia to provide an accurate picture of the urban forest estate”. Our research shows there has not been a significant advance in the adoption and use of urban forest inventories over the past three decades. Long-term, dynamically updated inventories are crucial for urban forest management to inform planting choices to support sustainable and resilient cities.     

Impact analysis of climate data aggregation at different spatial scales on simulated net primary productivity for croplands

For spatial crop and agro-systems modelling, there is often a discrepancy between the scale of measured driving data and the target resolution. Spatial data aggregation is often necessary, which can introduce additional uncertainty into the simulation results. Previous studies have shown that climate data aggregation has little effect on simulation of phenological stages, but effects on net primary production (NPP) might still be expected through changing the length of the growing season and the period of grain filling. This study investigates the impact of spatial climate data aggregation on NPP simulation results, applying eleven different models for the same study region (∼34,000 km²), situated in Western Germany. To isolate effects of climate, soil data and management were assumed to be constant over the entire study area and over the entire study period of 29 years. Two crops, winter wheat and silage maize, were tested as monocultures. Compared to the impact of climate data aggregation on yield, the effect on NPP is in a similar range, but is slightly lower, with only small impacts on averages over the entire simulation period and study region. Maximum differences between the five scales in the range of 1–100 km grid cells show changes of 0.4–7.8% and 0.0–4.8% for wheat and maize, respectively, whereas the simulated potential NPP averages of the models show a wide range (1.9–4.2 g C m⁻² d⁻¹ and 2.7–6.1 g C m⁻² d⁻¹ for wheat and maize, respectively). The impact of the spatial aggregation was also tested for shorter time periods, to see if impacts over shorter periods attenuate over longer periods. The results show larger impacts for single years (up to 9.4% for wheat and up to 13.6% for maize). An analysis of extreme weather conditions shows an aggregation effect in vulnerability up to 12.8% and 15.5% between the different resolutions for wheat and maize, respectively. Simulations of NPP averages over larger areas (e.g. regional scale) and longer time periods (several years) are relatively insensitive to climate data aggregation. However, the scale of climate data is more relevant for impacts on annual averages of NPP or if the period is strongly affected or dominated by drought stress. There should be an awareness of the greater uncertainty for the NPP values in these situations if data are not available at high resolution. On the other hand, the results suggest that there is no need to simulate at high resolution for long term regional NPP averages based on the simplified assumptions (soil and management constant in time and space) used in this study.     

气候变化对牧草生长发育的影响研究综述

牧草作为草地生态系统的特殊群落,对气候变化响应十分敏感,因此,牧草生长动态及其与气候变化相互关系一直是草原管理及研究的重要内容。本文系统归纳了近几十年来国内外气候变化对牧草生长发育的影响研究进展和成果,提出了当前研究存在的问题:资料密度和序列长度不够;单一气候因子及其多因子协同影响选择方法困难;缺乏系统的集成方法,机理模型较少或半统计半机理模型共存。并探讨了气候变化对草原生态系统研究领域的重点任务,深入研究站点资料转化成面域资料技术及多源资料融合或资料同化技术;集中力量研究多个因子综合影响牧草生产技术方法;建立能完整反映气候要素对牧草生长发育综合影响的机理模拟模型;制定科学的、开放性的、动态的草原管理方案。为草原生态平衡和可持续发展提供科学依据。     

新疆喀什红枣种植气象条件分析与气候品质认证

基于喀什国家基准气候站的日照、相对湿度、风速资料和佰什克热木乡自动气象站的温度、降水等气象资料,分析喀什2015 年气象条件、气象因子对栽植红枣的影响及应对措施,研究喀什地区栽植红枣气候适宜性区划指标、红枣栽植的气候条件,旨在对红枣气候品质等级进行评估并确定影响品质的主要气候条件及关键因素,以期为喀什地区红枣种植栽培技术、生产管理条件提供科学依据。结果表明,2015 年喀什气象条件中,日照条件最有利于红枣生长发育和果实的着色;2015 年高温和降水对红枣生长发育期造成影响,管理上采用对应的农业措施保证了其质量和产量。通过对红枣气候适宜性区划指标、当年红枣生长气候条件、红枣企业生产管理条件评分值,认为认证区域内红枣气候品质等级为优。     

Water use efficiency of crops cultivated in the Mediterranean region: Review and analysis

Improvement of water use efficiency (WUE) of field crops in the Mediterranean region is an imperative imposed by the critical situation of water resources of the region, as well as by the demographical increment. This review reports the experimental data concerning WUE of 16 species cultivated in the region. The species include cereals, leguminous, horticultural and industrial crops. This review however underlines that WUE data of fruit trees are lacking, despite they represent one of the main productions of the Mediterranean agriculture.

In this region, the large range of WUE values observed, for the same species, can be ascribed mainly to: (i) fertilizers and water management (water regime, mineral supply and water quality); (ii) plant factors (species, variety and sensitivity of growth stage to the stress); and (iii) environmental factors (climate, atmospheric pollution, soil texture and climate change). The conclusion highlights the actual gap concerning WUE in the Mediterranean region. This gap will constitute a field of research designated to ameliorate WUE of agriculture in this region.