近50 a西藏最长连续无降水日数变化特征

利用1961—2010 年西藏18 个站点逐日降雨资料,建立年、季最长连续无降水日数的时间序列,分析西藏最长连续无降水日数的分布特征、变化趋势及对干旱的影响,并初步分析厄尔尼诺对西藏最长连续无降水日数的可能影响。结果表明：西藏最长连续无降水日数的高值区主要位于干旱与半干旱气候区,气候越干燥的地方,越容易出现长时间的无降水天气;西藏年、季最长连续无降水日数均呈减少趋势,且年(3.1 d/10 a)和冬半年(2.8 d/10 a)减幅明显,通过了0.01 以上的信度检验,并于1977 年发生了由多到少的突变;长时间无降水是导致西藏干旱发生的重要原因;厄尔尼诺对西藏最长连续无降水日数具有一定的调节作用,即厄尔尼诺出现当年西藏最长连续无降水日数普遍增多,厄尔尼诺出现的次年西藏最长连续无降水日数普遍减少。     

青贮玉米品质性状遗传变异及主成分分析

为了鉴定青贮玉米品质性状间的相关和依附关系,对14份青贮玉米材料的22个品质性状检测分析,并进行一般描述统计、遗传变异、相关性及主成分分析。结果表明,参试青贮玉米各品质性状中,脂肪、钾、木质素、淀粉含量的变异系数较大,分别为0.20、0.19、0.17和0.16,表明这些性状在品种遗传选育进程中有较大的改良空间;消化率及能量品质相关性状的变异系数介于0.03~0.08,表明这部分性状难以得到遗传改良;青贮玉米品质性状间相关性较大,适宜采用主成分分析保留品质性状的最重要方面。对测试的22个品质性状进行主成分提取,前3个主成分的累积贡献率达到91.29%,分别代表了青贮玉米的饲用价值、微量元素及粗蛋白成分。     

Mechanisms associated with tiller suppression under stagnant flooding in rice

Stagnant flooding (SF) during vegetative growth triggers stem elongation usually at the cost of tiller production in rice, reducing grain yield. To explore physiological mechanisms associated with tillering suppression under SF, three contrasting genotypes (Swarna and Swarna‐Sub1, both sensitive and IRRI154, tolerant) were evaluated under standing water depths of 0, 5, 30 and 50 cm. SF significantly suppressed tiller formation but increased plant height, root biomass, shoot elongation (ratio of plant height before and after flooding), leaf emergency and non‐structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentration (in root–shoot junction) in all genotypes at the early stage of development. Chlorophyll concentration in the upper leaves (upper most fully expanded leaf at top) was higher than in lower leaves (lowest green leaf at base), but decreased under SF in both. SF increased hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) at the early stage of treatment, with concomitant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) production by stems and leaves. MDA concentration in root–shoot junction increased but delayed. Tiller number correlated negatively with plant height, shoot elongation, leaf emergency, MDA concentration in leaves and root–shoot junction, root biomass, and NSC concentration in the root–shoot junction. The results suggested existence of compensatory mechanisms between tiller growth and shoot elongation in rice for resilience under SF, where energy is mainly diverted for shoot elongation to escape flooding. The SF‐tolerant genotype produced less H₂O₂ and maintained energy balance for higher survival and better growth under stagnant flooding.     

Genetic and environmental influences on chickpea water‐use efficiency

Chickpea is a major crop grown for its nutritional value, and it is used for both food and feed. However, terminal drought greatly reduces grain yield in many chickpea producing areas. The impacts of drought could be mitigated by adapting chickpea genotypes with higher water‐use efficiency (WUE). To assess genetic variation for WUE, contrasting genotypes were sown in two moisture regimes (well‐watered and water‐limited) and two tillage regimes (tillage and no‐tillage) in north‐western NSW across two consecutive seasons. The well‐watered and no till treatments were higher yielding than their respective rainfed and tillage treatments. Genotypes did not differ (p < 0.05) in their water use but differed significantly in their WUE, and a significant genotype‐by‐moisture treatment effect was observed. The heritability of WUE was higher under tillage (71.3% for tillage under rainfed conditions and 73.0% for tillage and irrigated conditions) than no‐till (43.3% for no till under rainfed conditions and 36.4% for no‐till and irrigated conditions), and no significant genotype‐by‐tillage interaction was observed.     

不同地区繁育的马铃薯‘早大白’脱毒种薯继代植株生物学特性、产量与品质研究

经过20多年的马铃薯脱毒技术的研究与应用,目前中国不同地区繁育的同一品种马铃薯脱毒种薯,其继代植株表现出比较大的差异。笔者以辽宁本溪马铃薯研究所（BX）繁育的‘早大白’种薯为对照,研究了河北坝上农科所（HB）和黑龙江大兴安岭农科所（HLJ）2地繁育的马铃薯‘早大白’种薯的继代表观遗传变异的生物学性状和产量品质的变化。结果表明：河北坝上繁育的脱毒种薯继代植株在苗期长势较旺,进入现蕾期以后,黑龙江大兴安岭繁育脱毒种薯继代的株高、茎粗、叶面积迅速增加,开花期延后,生育期延长,有利于干物质的合成与积累。出苗后50天收获,河北坝上繁育脱毒种薯继代块茎产量和商品率与对照无明显差异,而黑龙江大兴安岭繁育脱毒种薯继代块茎产量和商品率均低于对照。出苗后60天收获,黑龙江大兴安岭繁育脱毒种薯的继代产量比对照提高30.26%,商品率无明显差异,同时块茎中可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、淀粉和Vc含量与对照无明显差异。     

Analysis of introgression of the Tulipa fosteriana genome into Tulipa gesneriana using GISH and FISH

Southern hybridization and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) have demonstrated that ‘Purissima’ (2n = 2x = 24) is an interspecific hybrid comprised of one genome of Tulipa (T.) gesneriana and one genome of T. fosteriana. Backcrossing T. gesneriana with ‘Purissima’ was partially successful. Simultaneous GISH and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) distinguished chromosomes from both parent genomes, as well as recombinant chromosomes, in interspecific hybrids and their progeny. Chromosome recombination was observed in all cultivars except ‘Purissima’ and ‘Kouki’ (2n = 3x = 36). ‘Kouki’ (2n = 3x = 36) had two genomes of the T. gesneriana and a single genome of the T. fosteriana. The number of nonrecombinant T. fosteriana chromosomes in ‘Judith Leyster’ (2n = 4x = 48) and ‘Purissima’ progeny varied from two in ‘Hatsuzakura’ to six in ‘Kikomachi’ and ‘Momotaro’. The number and type of recombinant chromosomes also differed among cultivars. The total number of translocations ranged from one in ‘Kikomachi’ to six in ‘Hatsuzakura’. Each was a combination of a single T. fosteriana fragment and a single T. gesneriana fragment, indicating that they resulted from a single crossover event. Sequential GISH and FISH analysis with rDNA probes yielded chromosome-specific markers that were used to identify most of the chromosomes in ‘Purissima’ progeny. This is the first report of introgression of T. fosteriana chromatin into the T. gesneriana genome.     

小麦EST-SSR标记的开发和染色体定位及其在追踪黑麦染色体中的应用

根据小麦盐胁迫诱导和茎秆组织相关EST序列开发了81对EST-SSR引物, 其中67、46、18和61对分别在小麦、黑麦、簇毛麦和大麦基因组中稳定扩增, 在不同小麦和大麦品种间具有多态性的引物分别有22和23对。利用小麦缺体-四体系共定位了43对引物的81个位点, 其中A、B和D染色体组上分别有29、30和22个位点, 涉及除4B、3D和6D外的18条染色体。此外30对引物在黑麦基因组中具有特异扩增, 其中8对分别在黑麦1R、4R、5R和R7染色体上具有特异扩增, 7对在多条黑麦染色体具有相同扩增。这些新标记可有效用于小麦及其近缘物种的遗传作图与比较遗传研究。     

鄂西南地区稻瘟病菌AVR-Pia动态变化研究

为了解鄂西南地区稻瘟病菌AVR-Pia的分布和动态变化,于2017—2020年在鄂西南9个地点同时种植特定100个水稻品种,采集感病稻杆并分离稻瘟病菌;利用水稻单基因系IRBLa-A进行致病性鉴定,设计无毒基因AVR-Pia特异性引物进行PCR扩增和序列分析。结果表明2017—2020年分离保存的661株稻瘟病菌菌株中,有49株含有无毒基因AVR-Pia（占7.4%）,不同年份及不同地点AVR-Pia出现频率差异明显,2017—2020年分别为7.5%、16.0%、3.1%、5.0%,AVR-Pia出现频率最高的是野三关(15.8%),其次是柏杨和来凤（都是14.6%）,咸丰、建始和太平未出现。含Pia的单基因系IRBLa-A对其中91个菌株(13.8%)具有抗性。49个菌株能扩增出463 bp的特异性条带,序列分析发现其CDS区域未发现突变,起始密码子上游109 bp位点发生碱基突变G/T,该位点变异是否与表达相关有待进一步研究。说明鄂西南地区无毒基因AVR-Pia存在较少,抗性基因Pia不适合在鄂西南地区作为主效抗病基因来选择育种。     

Genetic variation of seedling traits responded to brassinosteroid and gibberellin inhibitors in maize (Zea mays) doubled haploid lines

The purpose of this study was to examine the genotypic variation in maize doubled haploid (DH) lines response to brassinosteroid and gibberellin inhibitors. Plant responses to hormone inhibitors were determined in growth chamber experiments using germination paper for three different seedling treatments: application of propiconazole (Pcz), uniconazole (Ucz) or water (control). Mesocotyl length (ML) was more sensitive to hormone inhibitors, especially to the Ucz treatment, than other seedling traits. ML was significantly correlated with other traits in the Ucz treatment. All the seedling traits showed moderate-to-high broad sense heritability values, ranging from 0.39 to 0.82. The Euclidian genetic distances of inbred line pairs ranged from 1.27 to 19.94, indicating there was a high level of variability across the maize DH lines used in this study. DH lines with extreme MLs were identified, which can provide valuable breeding resources for improving abiotic stress tolerance, and for further genetic studies.     

基于SLAF-seq技术开发长穗偃麦草染色体特异分子标记

长穗偃麦草1E及7E染色体上带有重要的抗赤霉病基因, 开发大量相关染色体特异分子标记有助于准确定位抗性基因及获得可用于辅助育种紧密连锁的标记。基于SLAF-seq技术, 获得了368个长穗偃麦草1E染色体特异片段, 随机选取80个特异片段设计引物, 开发了20个长穗偃麦草1E染色体特异分子标记、2个长穗偃麦草基因组特异分子标记及26个其他特异分子标记, 效率达60%。用这些特异标记能稳定检测出不同小麦–长穗偃麦草衍生材料中的1E染色体或片段。通过标记与优良性状的共分离特性, 获得与相关基因紧密连锁的标记, 将为小麦抗性育种中的分子标记辅助选择提供依据。