新疆面包小麦品质性状环境变异及配粉效果的研究

为了进一步了解面包小麦品种在不同生态区的品质变异状况，通过实验室方法对新疆引进和选育的优质面包小麦新春9号和Y20在新疆乌鲁木齐市、石河子市和奇台县三个不同生态环境下的品质性状表现进行了检测分析。结果表明，小麦的加工品质易受环境影响，同一品种在不同地区种植其加工品质性状存在一定差异，但不同品种对环境反应的敏感性不同，新春9号在不同地区的品质性状差异小于Y20。虽然两个品种的综合品质性状都达到了国家一、二级面包小麦标准，但两个品种的加工品质性状差异还是较大的，其中，石河子产Y20的品质性状表现最为理想。因此，在进行品质性状环境变异研究的同时，对两个品种不同比例的搭配进行了粉质、拉伸、吹泡参数及烘焙品质的测定，结果表明将不同点的新春9号与石河子产Y20搭配，随着Y20比例的增加，其搭配后的品质在不断优化；对奇台产Y20与乌鲁木齐产新春9号以不同比例配粉，其中40%奇台产Y20与60%乌鲁木齐产新春9号配粉的效果最好；考虑到生产成本，则后者配粉效果更理想。     

Wheat grain quality under increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations in a semi-arid cropping system

We investigated wheat (Triticum aestivum) grain quality under Free Air CO₂ Enrichment (FACE) of 550 ± 10% CO₂ μmol mol⁻¹. In each of two full growing seasons (2008 and 2009), two times of sowing were compared, with late sowing designed to mimic high temperature during grain filling. Grain samples were subjected to a range of physical, nutritional and rheological quality assessments. Elevated CO₂ increased thousand grain weight (8%) and grain diameter (5%). Flour protein concentration was reduced by 11% at e[CO₂], with the highest reduction being observed at the late time of sowing in 2009, (15%). Most of the grain mineral concentrations decreased under e[CO₂] - Ca (11%), Mg (7%), P (11%) and S (7%), Fe (10%), Zn (17%), Na (19%), while total uptake of these nutrients per unit ground area increased. Rheological properties of the flour were altered by e[CO₂] and bread volume reduced by 7%. Phytate concentration in grains tended to decrease (17%) at e[CO₂] while grain fructan concentration remained unchanged. The data suggest that rising atmospheric [CO₂] will reduce the nutritional and rheological quality of wheat grain, but at high temperature, e[CO₂] effects may be moderated. Reduced phytate concentrations at e[CO₂] may improve bioavailability of Fe and Zn in wheat grain.     

我国春麦区部分小麦品种品质状况分析

1999年将 38份春小麦品种 (品系 )种植于内蒙古呼和浩特 ,对其磨粉品质和面包烘烤品质进行了评价。结果表明 ,我国春小麦品种的面包烘烤品质较差 ,不同地区品种间品质差异较大 ,辽宁和内蒙品种的磨粉品质和面包烘烤品质优于其它地区的品种。回归分析表明 ,蛋白质含量和单位蛋白质含量的面包体积决定了面包体积总变异的 99.9% ,硬度、沉淀值和吸水率对面包总分有重要作用。品种的出粉率主要取决于 1心槽路出粉率 ,2心和 1皮槽路出粉率对出粉率贡献也较大。高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基 (HMW GS)Glu A1和Glu D1位点的等位变异与品质性状密切相关。面包烘烤品质的改良应在分析HMW GS的基础上 ,将硬度作为选择指标之一 ,适当提高蛋白质含量 ,重点加强对沉淀值的选择     

优质强筋小麦与运黑101复配粉的面包品质研究

为更广泛利用黑小麦,用优质强筋小麦运旱115、运旱618的面粉分别与中筋黑小麦运黑101的面粉进行搭配,研究了不同复配粉的面筋指数变化规律和面包加工特性。结果表明,两个优质强筋小麦粉与中筋黑小麦运黑101复配,可以显著改善中筋黑小麦运黑101的面筋指数、抗延阻力、稳定时间;优质强筋小麦粉与运黑101面粉占比相等时,运旱115、运旱618对运黑101的面筋指数改进率较大,分别为10.57%、10.51%。综合分析对面包品质影响较大的硬度、胶黏性、咀嚼性等质构指标,发现运旱115与运黑101配粉比例为8∶2、5∶5时,运旱618与运黑101配粉比例为7∶3、6∶4时,运黑101面粉品质改善显著,用其制作的面包体积大、品质好。     

黄淮麦区小麦种质资源矮秆基因分布及其与农艺性状的关系

为了进一步阐明多个矮秆基因的分布及其与小麦农艺性状的关系,运用分子标记对来自我国黄淮麦区的246份小麦种质资源中6个矮秆基因位点(Rht1、Rht2、Rht4、Rht8、Rht9及Rht12)分别进行了检测,同时连续3年调查参试材料株高、穗长、穗下节长、小穗数、旗叶长、旗叶宽、穗粒数、粒长、粒宽和千粒重共10个农艺性状,分析了不同矮秆基因位点对小麦农艺性状的影响。结果表明,6个矮秆基因在黄淮麦区小麦中均具有广泛分布,其中含有Rht1和Rht2基因的小麦品种分布最广。分析矮秆基因位点对小麦农艺性状的影响发现,在Rht1位点,Rht1-B1a和Rht1-B1b两种基因型间的株高没有显著差异;在Rht2位点,拥有Rht2-D1b类型的小麦品种所有年份间的株高和穗下节长较低,但千粒重较高,为相对优良的基因型。排除Rht1和Rht2基因效应后,Rht4、Rht8、Rht9和Rht12位点对黄淮麦区小麦品种不同农艺性状均具有重要影响,其中,Rht4基因位点主要对小麦株高和千粒重具有重要影响,且Rht4-B1b类型为相对优良的基因型;Rht8基因位点主要对小麦穗下节长、穗长和千粒重具有重要影响,且Rht8-D1b类型为相对优良的基因型;Rht9基因位点主要对小麦株高和千粒重具有重要影响,且Rht9-A1a类型为相对优良的基因型;Rht12基因位点主要对小麦千粒重和穗长具有重要影响,且Rht12-A1a类型为相对优良的基因型。进一步分析发现,6个位点中对株高影响最大的是Rht2基因,其次是Rht4基因;有4个位点(Rht1、Rht2、Rht8、Rht12)对千粒重有显著影响,其中Rht2基因的影响最大。分析除Rht1外其他5个位点优良基因型在不同时期小麦品种中的分布发现,从早期历史品种、近期历史品种到现代品种,不同位点优良基因型分布比例总体呈现上升趋势,表明优良矮秆基因型在黄淮麦区小麦品种选育中的利用逐渐增加,尤其是82.9%的现代小麦品种已含有Rht2-D1b类型。     

小麦EST—SSRs分子标记的特性及其遗传作图

为了解普通小麦EST来源的微卫星的多样性,从大约1000个包含微卫星的ESTs中设计了300对引物,研究和评估了它们的多态性水平,并且将多态性标记加入到现有的遗传图谱中。在五种不同类型的重复单元中,三个碱基的重复单元出现最多,占到77％。几乎所有的EST—SSRs标记（99．3％）的重复单元都含有G-C碱基对。37．4％的微卫星都是四次重复。对于扩增和多态性,300对引物中有60对没有扩增,21．3％的扩增引物没能产生预期的扩增片断。58％的标记至少在所用8个材料的一个中显示出多态性。W7984和Opata组合表现出最高的多态性水平。大多数普通小麦EST—SSRs标记的重复次数小于10,并且4次重复是最为普遍的。81个新的EST—SSR位点被添加到两个已有的参照遗传图谱中（62个加到ITMI,19个加到CTCS）。研究结果表明小麦EST-SSRs标记展示了一些不同于基因组微卫星的特异特征,在标记发展和其他遗传应用中,这就使得它们能够成为一种非常有价值的资源。     

Design and development of a geothermal temperature control system for broodstock management of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus

A control system was designed to raise and maintain water temperatures within 0.03-ha earthen ponds to a range conducive for spawning (24–30 °C) channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Heating was done during February 2001 to April 2001, when temperatures would have otherwise prohibited spawning (<24 °C). Temperature was increased from 10 °C (ambient) by 2 °C per day, and maintained at 27 °C, by the addition of geothermally warmed water (36 °C). The control system substantially increased the controllability and precision of heating ponds compared to manual operation. Systems were designed to control sets of four ponds. In designing this control system, consideration of biological constraints was essential. Reproduction in channel catfish is most strongly influenced by temperature. Because cold fronts are common during the winter and early spring (January–March), it was essential to ensure that pond temperatures did not fall below the range for spawning. Constraints on the heating rate and temperature variability to maintain fish health and stimulate spawning behavior were considered. Components of the control system included temperature measurement devices (type-T thermocouples), a central electronic control unit, electronic switches and electrically actuated ball valves. In response to the temperature sensed by each thermocouple, the controller sent a message to close or open the valve. When the valve was opened, warm water was added to the pond to increase the average pond temperature. Hardware and algorithm design and initial system testing were the major components of this project. The final design incorporated information on relevant biological parameters and safety features including peak pond temperature, independent aeration and water pressure control mechanisms. Initial results indicate successful control of this biological system, and ongoing studies suggest similar mechanisms may be used for additional control objectives. In particular, this system could be used to vary pond temperatures to study biological responses and to cool ponds by addition of well water during summer months.     

锥齿轮齿顶修缘技术研究及应用

针对现有锥齿轮齿顶修缘人工打磨方法效率低、一致性差以及专用机床柔性差、调整困难等问题,研究一套锥齿轮齿顶修缘技术,对现有加工中心进行改造,设计合理的刀具、夹具,制定合理的工艺参数,选择典型的锥齿轮零件进行齿顶修缘工艺试验,将修缘误差控制在0.3mm内。该技术具有新颖性、创造性和实用性的特点,具有推广应用价值。     

基于过程降水量的长江中下游地区单季稻洪涝灾害指标构建

基于长江中下游地区1961?2014年297个气象站的日雨量数据,耦合单季稻生育期和洪涝灾情数据,统计单季稻不同生育阶段、不同等级的洪涝灾害样本过程降水量序列,基于S-W分布拟合检验,采用t-分布区间估计法计算样本序列95%可信区间的下限值,确定指标阈值,构建各省单季稻分生育阶段洪涝灾害的等级指标,并采用预留独立水稻洪涝灾害样本进行指标验证,分析了区域1961-2010年单季稻洪涝灾害的时空分布和风险分布。结果表明：同等洪涝灾情等级时,抽穗-成熟期的洪涝灾害指标阈值最高,拔节-孕穗期次之,移栽-分蘖期最低;同一生育阶段、同等灾情等级时,5省份的洪涝灾害指标阈值从低到高依次是江苏、安徽、湖北、湖南、浙江;各省每年均有单季稻洪涝灾害发生,发生次数呈波动增减,无明显的线性趋势;随着洪涝灾害等级加大,洪涝发生的次数减少;灾害的多发区主要位于鄱阳湖和黄山地区、浙江沿海及恩施和张家界一带;移栽-分蘖期灾害风险指数普遍较高,大部分地区风险指数在0.6以上;拔节-成熟期,风险指数高值区明显缩小,主要位于浙江沿海地区,其余大部分地区处于低值区,风险指数大都低于0.3。     

脱氮功能菌去除市政废水中氮素的研究

为了探讨实验室筛选获得的氨氧化细菌CM-NR014和反硝化细菌CM-NRD3联合去除市政废水中氮素的应用价值,采用了两级A／O工艺进行菌株去除废水中氮素的小试实验,最后将菌株用于废水脱氮工程中。结果表明,脱氮功能菌实现了短程硝化-反硝化,氨氮去除率在98％以上,总氮去除率在75％以上,COD（化学需氧量）去除率大于90％,出水各项指标均低于城镇污水处理厂污染物排放一级（A）标准。脱氮功能菌在去除市政废水中氮素方面有很高的应用价值,可用于城镇污水处理厂提标改造等。