评价全球气候变化对我国玉米生产的可能影响

利用我国玉米带１２个有代表性地点的作物、土壤和天气资料，验证了ＣＥＲＥＳ－Ｍａｉｚｅ在我国的适用性，确定了各地有代表性品种在模型中的遗传参数，还对模型进行了敏感性分析，之后，将ＣＥＲＥＳ－Ｍａｉｚｅ在各地当前气候以及在３中由平衡ＧＣＭｓ生成的气候变化情景下分别运行，通过分析与比较模拟结果，评价了当ＣＯ２倍增时，气候变化国各地玉米产量和灌溉需要量的可能影响，对Ｃ煌直接影响也做了考虑。还应用若干农业气     

The Optimization for Crop Planning and Some Advances for Water-Saving Crop Planning in the Semiarid Loess Plateau of China

The establishment of water-saving crop planning is an inevitable choice of the water-saving agriculture for the water-deficiency region in the arid and semiarid Loess Plateau of China and the world. The water-saving crop planning refers to the planting structure that centres the adjustment of the crop's adaptation to water, the optimization of temporal and spatial layout for crops, the local natural resources, marketing resources, human resources and financial input to enable region or basin with limited water resources to achieve the maximum economic, social and ecological benefits of planting industry under certain technology and economy. After the analysis on the research progress of optimization theory, optimization goals, optimization methods of water-saving cultivation structure and macro-control measures, it is pointed out that the main deficiencies of the current research of water-saving cultivation pattern optimization are lacking of a strong theoretical basis, and the immaturity of optimization technologies. The future crucial research direction will focus on five aspects such as the special optimization theory system, the division methods by studying the watershed unit and using 3S technology, optimization model based on multi-objective evolutionary algorithm, evaluation of rationality and macro-control measures on the basis of the public participation.     

降水对华北主要粮食作物灌溉需求影响特征

探明华北地区作物灌溉需求规律及主控因素是合理制定水资源规划,缓解该区地下水超采的重要依据。本文基于华北60个气象站近50年(1971—2020年)逐日气象资料,采用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式计算作物需水量,并分析降水对主要粮食作物(冬小麦和夏玉米)灌溉需求时空特征的影响。结果表明：在降水丰水年(25%),冬小麦作物灌溉需求指数I_RI以0.50～0.75区间的高度灌溉需求分布区为主,夏玉米则以0.25～0.50区间的中度灌溉需求分布区为主,分布面积比率分别为研究区的92%、86%;在平水年(50%),冬小麦I_RI以大于0.75的极高灌溉需求分布区为主,分布面积比率占56%,夏玉米仍以0.25～0.50的中度灌溉需求分布区为主,但分布面积比率扩大至100%;在枯水年(75%),冬小麦极高灌溉需求分布面积比率增大至97%,夏玉米则以0.50～0.75的高度灌溉需求分布区为主。降水量是影响I_RI的主控因素,随降水量的增大,不同区位I_RI均呈直线下降趋势,但对降水量变化的敏感性存在较大差异...     

Using shallow saline groundwater for irrigation and regulating for soil salt-water regime

Drought and fresh water shortage are the main limiting factorsfor sustainable development of agriculture in North China Plain.Using saline water for irrigation plays important role forovercoming the constraints and increasing crops yields. Theexploitation and utilization of shallow saline groundwaterenables to regulate the groundwater depth and to promote thetransform of precipitation into available water resources.Thispaper reviews the research and practice on the utilization ofshallow saline groundwater in the part east of South GreatCanal in Haihe River Plain. Findings are presented on the useof saline water, cycling and blending of saline and fresh waterfor irrigation, indexing of crops salt tolerances, regulating forsoil salt-water regime, saline-alkali land reclamation andgroundwater quality freshening. These approaches help therational regulation and utilization of the local water resourcesfor comprehensive control of drought, waterlogging and salinity.     

Multi-scale use of lands providing anthropogenic resources by American Crows in an urbanizing landscape

The conversion of forests and farmlands to human settlements has negative impacts on many native species, but also provides resources that some species are able to exploit. American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos), one such exploiter, create concern due to their impact as nest predators, disease hosts, and cultural harbingers of evil. We used various measures of crow abundance and resource use to determine crows’ response to features of anthropogenic landscapes in the Puget Sound region of the United States. We examined land cover and land use composition at three spatial scales: study sites (up to 208 ha), crow home ranges within sites (18.1 ha), and local land cover (400 m²). At the study site and within-site scales crow abundance was strongly correlated with land cover providing anthropogenic resources. In particular, crows were associated with the amount of ‘maintained forest’ cover, and were more likely to use grass and shrub cover than forest or bare soil cover. Although crows did not show a generalized response to an edge variable, they exhibited greater use of patchy habitat created by human settlements than of native forests. Radio-tagged territorial adults used resources within their home ranges relatively evenly, suggesting resource selection had occurred at a larger spatial scale. The land conversion pattern of new suburban and exurban settlements creates the mix of impervious surfaces and maintained vegetation that crows use, and in our study area crow populations are expected to continue to increase. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

中国食糖供求分析与预测

利用预测模型从原料生产的角度,分析了我国食糖供给的变化趋势;然后从居民用糖和工业用糖两个方面,研究了食糖需求的变化;最后从贸易的角度,探讨了我国满足国内食糖供需缺口的可能途径。研究发现：食糖的供给潜力主要在于甘蔗糖方面;需求方面,工业用糖量增长较快,是推动食糖需求增长的主要动力。由于食糖需求增长的速度快于供给的增长,我国食糖的供求缺口有不断增加趋势。为避免食糖体系失衡风险,增加国内食糖供给才是解决我国食糖供求矛盾的最佳途径。     

电液伺服遥操纵机器人主-从位置控制器

针对电液伺服遥操纵机器人主-从双向伺服位置控制中存在的非线性和不确定性,提出主-从侧分别使用带干扰观测器的最优控制和有鲁棒补偿的PD反馈控制算法,以克服主动侧各液压缸因动态特性差异造成的位置跟随误差和从动侧外界环境的随机干扰对系统稳定性的影响.分别设计了观测器跟踪扰动的二次型控制器和有动态鲁棒补偿的位置控制器,通过仿真和试验验证了所设计控制器的有效性.试验结果表明,所设计的位置控制器,既提高了主-从位置跟随精度,又具有较强的自适应性和鲁棒性;提高了力反馈电液伺服遥操纵机器人系统的操作性.     

提升我国农产品加工业的途径

改革开放30年来,我国农产品加工业取得了长足发展．但与国外发达国家相比还存在较大差距。提升我国农产品加工业的途径主要有：制定并落实扶持政策：以食品精深加工作为重点,以龙头企业为主干;优化产品结构,大力发展主导产业,优先发展品牌企业;加大技术投入,加快技术创新,提升自主创新能力;按照国际标准完善农产品加工质量标准体系;加强农产品原料生产基地建设;降低农产品加工企业的税负;构建营销体系,发挥协会作用,提升服务水平等。     

Repeated physical disturbances and the stability of sub‐tropical coral communities in Hong Kong,China

• 1. This paper reports on the dynamics of the coral community structure at A Ma Wan (AMW) and A Ye Wan (AYW) in Tung Ping Chau, Hong Kong, focusing on data collected before and after the summer typhoon seasons in 1997 to 1999. This period (1999) experienced the highest frequency of severe tropical cyclones to hit Hong Kong with one cyclone being the strongest to hit in the last 23 years (1984 to 2006).
• 2. This is part of a long‐term monitoring programme of subtropical coral communities that has been set up in AMW since May 1997 and AYW since May 1998 with nine fixed position 40 m long transects and 0.5 m × 0.5 m permanent quadrats laid at 5 m intervals along each transect. A total of 45 scleractinian coral species from 21 genera (12 families) was recorded, with 40 species in AMW and 32 species in AYW recorded at the beginning of the study.
• 3. Multidimensional scaling ordinations showed distinct spatial variations in the coral communities within and between sites. These variations were probably a result of the differential effects of the repeated cyclone impacts on the communities. Cyphastrea serailia, Goniopora lobata, Montipora peltiformis and Pavona decussata were the dominant species most strongly affected by cyclone impacts at AMW, experiencing a 6.2–16.2% loss of mean area cover during the study period. Some dominant species (e.g. P. decussata) in AYW also experienced a 6.5–14.3% loss of mean area cover within the same period.
• 4. Overall, these coral community structures appeared relatively stable and resistant to repeated physical disturbances. However, they may have low resilience towards more severe disturbances in the future. Preserving the resilience of coral communities/species in Tung Ping Chau should be one of the main goals of coral conservation strategies for the island.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大亚湾大型底栖动物物种多样性现状

利用2004年3月、5月、9月和12月的大型底栖动物定量采样数据,对大亚湾大型底栖动物的物种多样性进行研究。结果表明,因人类活动影响的加剧,目前大型底栖动物多样性明显低于历史水平。2004年大亚湾海域内共出现79种（类）大型底栖动物,全海域均匀度（J）、丰富度（D）和Shannon—Wiener指数（H’）均值分别为1．17、0．74和2．06。各多样性指数的季节变化较小,不存在显著差异（P〉0．05）。多样性水平以冬季〈春季〈夏季〈秋季。大亚湾明显的干、湿季变化对大型底栖动物多样性有所影响,湿季多样性水平高于干季。湾口海域大型底栖动物多样性水平较高,因湾顶和湾中部海域内小鳞帘蛤Veremolpamicra和粗帝汶蛤Timocleascabra极强的优势地位,导致湾顶和湾中部海域多样性水平较低。水温升高而引发的小鳞帘蛤和粗帝汶蛤丰度的变化,造成了湾顶和湾中部海域大型底栖动物多样性水平的季节变化。