The effect of timing of fungicide applications on control of frogeye leaf spot and grain yield of soybeans

Soybean cultivar Samsoy 1, and the breeding lines TGx 849-313D and TGx 996-26E, grown in a field with a heavy epidemic of frogeye leaf spot caused byCercospora sojina, were treated with double foliar applications of the fungicide benomyl. The treatments were made using four application schedules at six different growth stages, starting from V₃ (fully developed leaves, beginning with trifoliate nodes) to R₅ (beginning seed_, to determine the effect of the fungucide timing on frogeye leaf spot severity, soybean grain yield and grain quality. Generally, applications at R₁ (beginning bloom) and R₃ (beginning pod) significantly (P<-0.05) reduced disease severity in the 2 susceptible genotypes, Samsoy 1 and TGx 849-313D. Plot yields of these genotypes were also significantly greater than the untreated controls when the fungicide applications were made at R₁ and R₃. There was no significant difference in diseave severity or grain yield, between the untreated control and the different times of application, on the resistant genotype TGx 996-26E. Improved seed germination and lower levels of seed infection byC. sojina occurred for all fungicide timings in the susceptible genotypes. The results suggest that fungicide spraying initiated at R₁ and followed up at R₃ is most effective in frogeye leaf spot control and can also result in higher grain yields, than applications made earlier or later in the season. Control of frogeye leaf spot, however, is best achieved by growing resistant cultivars.     

温度、湿度和光照对花生网斑病菌分生孢子萌发的影响

为了探明花生网斑病菌(Phoma arachidicola Marasas,Pauer&Boerema)侵染致病的条件,研究了环境因素包括温度、湿度、光照(黑暗、近紫光、全光照)对花生网斑病菌分生孢子萌发的影响.结果表明,在黑暗条件下,培养5.5h时分生孢子开始萌发,24 h时萌发率为100％.分生孢子萌发率与温度之间的拟合模型符合二项式y=-0.570x2+28.97x-277.1(R2=0.808).据此模型,得出分生孢子萌发的最低温为12.8℃,最适温为25.4℃,最高温为38.0℃.培养24 h时,水膜中分生孢子萌发率(35.4％)极显著大于空气相对湿度为l00％(8.8％)和98％(0％)的萌发率.培养24 h时,黑暗(100％)和近紫光(97％)条件下的分生孢子萌发率极显著大于全光照下的萌发率(91％).结论:分生孢子萌发的最有利条件是黑暗、温度为25.4℃,且有水膜存在.     

大豆和灰斑病菌互作中大豆脂质过氧化作用的变化*

在不同抗性的大豆品种和灰斑病菌互作中，通过测定叶片中脂质过氧化产物—丙二醛含量的动态变化，研究了灰斑病菌的侵染对大豆叶片脂质过氧化的影响。研究结果表明，大豆和灰斑病菌的组合不同，脂质过氧化产物—丙二醛含量变化的规律也不同；抗病品种接种致病力强的1号、7号和6号生理小种后，叶片中丙二醛含量均比对照的高，而接种其它生理小种后叶片中丙二醛含量均比对照降低。但是，感病品种接种灰斑病菌后叶片中丙二醛含量均比对照植株的增加，而且增加的幅度很大。     

Genetical relationships between reactions to bacterial leaf spot,yellow mosaic and Cercospora leaf spot diseases in mungbean (Vigna radiata)

Summary Studies on the inheritance pattern of bacterial leaf spot (BLS), yellow mosaic (YM) and Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) reactions in crosses of BLS and YM resistant/tolerant but CLS susceptible × CLS resistant but BLS and YM susceptible parents indicated that resistances to BLS and CLS were governed by single dominant genes, whereas YM tolerance was a monogenic recessive character. The studies also indicated that these three genes were inherited independently. The simple inheritance pattern and independent assortment of the genes governing resistance/tolerance to these diseases suggest that the usual breeding methods will be adequate to develop multi-disease resistant mungbean cultivars.Paper XII in the series Studies on resistance in crops to bacterial diseases in India.     

甜菜褐斑病内生拮抗菌的筛选、鉴定及其防效测定

 Three hundred and one endophytic bacteria strains were isolated from healthy sugar beet plants in severely diseased plots in Changji County,Xinjiang Province.Three endophytic bacteria strains,1-5,4-1 and 4-3,showed relatively strong antagonistic against Cercospora beticola.Strain 1-5 was identified as Paenibacillus polymyxa,while strains 4-1 and 4-3 were as Bacillus flexus and Stenotrophomonas sp. by their morphological,physiological and biochemical characteristics.The results from several experiment trials showed that the endophytic bacteria could reduce the disease incidence of sugar beet.The control efficiency reached from 67.6% to 80.2%, indicating that biocontrol with endophytic bacteria was an alternative and potential method to control sugar beet fungi disease.     

玉蜀黍尾孢菌CzVelB基因功能分析

以获得的野生型和CzVelB敲除突变体菌株为供试菌株,分别对其进行生物学及致病力测定,在此基础上分析毒素和细胞壁降解酶的活性。结果表明,与野生型相比,敲除CzVelB后菌丝生长速率及颜色无明显差异,但产孢量下降56.6%,且孢子萌发率下降,萌发过程滞后1 h。致病性分析发现,敲除CzVelB后菌株致病性明显下降,病情指数、病斑大小,突变体均低于野生型。分析毒素对叶片的致病性发现,突变体所产生的毒素低于野生型产生的毒素。敲除突变体菌株ΔCzVelB及野生型菌株在活体内外均能产生5种细胞壁降解酶,其中敲除CzVelB后,5种离体病原菌细胞壁降解酶活性明显下降。分析侵染过程中5种细胞壁降解酶发现,CzVelB主要通过影响CX和PMG在接种前期12 h内起重要作用;在接种后期(72～96 h),CzVelB主要通过影响PGTE的活性调控玉蜀黍尾孢菌致病力。     

大豆灰斑病菌菌丝块离体叶接种快速鉴定方法的建立

[目的]建立一种室内可重复、快速准确鉴定大豆对灰斑病抗性的方法。[方法]利用大豆灰斑病1号和7号生理小种及6种不同抗性的大豆品种为材料,研究并建立了大豆灰斑病抗性的菌丝块接种快速鉴定方法。[结果]在28℃、12h光照与12h黑暗交替的条件下,Minimal培养基生长的菌丝块接种抗感大豆叶片,菌斑面积明显不同,且鉴定结果与已知抗感品种报道的灰斑病抗性一致。[结论]菌丝块离体叶接种鉴定具有不受生育期和环境条件限制、可重复性强的特点,是大豆灰斑病抗性室内鉴定的一种有效方法。     

基于SSR标记关联分析挖掘大豆灰斑病10号生理小种抗病资源

培育灰斑病抗性品种可降低灰斑病对大豆生产的危害。本研究以202份黑龙江省近25年主栽的大豆品种构建关联群体,在人工接种条件下鉴定大豆品种对灰斑病10号生理小种抗病指数。利用187对SSR标记对遗传多样性、群体结构和连锁不平衡位点进行分析,通过GLM 和MLM两种模型对大豆品种的灰斑病抗性与标记进行关联分析,进一步分析抗性关联位点等位变异与抗性表型效应关系。结果表明：202份大豆品种对灰斑病10号生理小种抗性遗传变异系数为14.26%;187个标记在群体中共获得809个等位变异,平均等位变异为4.42个,变幅2~10个,其中17号染色体的平均PIC值最高（0.64）,12号染色体的平均PIC值最低（0.26）;检测到稀有等位变异146个,特有等位变异位点58个;无论共线性组合位点还是非共线性组合位点均存在不同程度LD,连锁不平衡P<0.05支持的对数占总对数的21.65%;202份大豆品种被划分为3个亚群,亚群POP1与POP3之间遗传距离最小（0.03）,亚群POP2与POP3之间遗传距离最大（0.35）;两种模型共同检测到11个SSR标记与灰斑病10号生理小种抗性显著关联,其中位于3号染色体上的Satt549的贡献率最大,可解释表型变异14.74%;具有增效效应的等位变异共有24个,增效效应超过10的等位变异有7个,增效效应最大为Satt703-247（19.62）,典型载体材料为合丰29;其次是Satt587-185（19.58）,典型载体材料为东农50;Satt549位点增效等位变异的平均效应值最高（13.87）,Sat_366位点增效等位变异的平均效应值最低（0.84）。聚合优异等位变异和载体材料可为培育抗灰斑病品种的亲本选配和后代等位条带辅助选择提供依据。     

玉米尾孢菌、弯孢菌叶斑病严重流行及防治对策

近几年来,由于气候适宜和感病品种多年的大面积种植,导致我国玉米种植区的玉米尾孢菌、弯孢菌叶斑病的危害越来越重,辽宁、河北、河南等地均有发生,尤以辽宁发生最为严重,一般减产10%～20%,个别地块的感病品种几乎绝产,所以必须引起高度重视,应以推广抗病品种为重点,采取合理的品种布局及药剂防治等进行综合防治。     

绿豆尾孢菌叶斑病研究进展

综述了近年来绿豆尾孢菌叶斑病的病害症状、侵染循环、生长特性、病害防治和互作关系等研究进展,并展望了绿豆尾孢菌病今后的研究方向,为今后的绿豆尾孢菌叶斑病的防治及培育绿豆抗病品种提供了参考。