Impact of intercropping on epidemics of groundnut leaf spots: defining constraints and opportunities through a 7‐year field study

Plant diversity can have a profound impact on disease dynamics, with important applications for enhancing sustainability. Disease is often reduced by intercropping, but variability can be high. This study investigated integration of several management approaches to stabilize this variability for early leaf spot (ELS) and late leaf spot (LLS) of groundnut, over seven seasons in three phases. In phase 1, monocrops and alternating row and strip intercrops with maize were artificially inoculated with ELS in an area with little groundnut production. Reductions in AUDPC of 37–73% in strip treatments compared to monocrops prompted testing of the efficacy of intercropping in intensive production areas for phases 2 and 3. Additional treatments included cotton strip intercrops, and integration of intercropping with reduced fungicide treatments and partial resistance to leaf spots. In phase 2, the use of cotton strip intercrops lowered natural ELS epidemics by 25–41% (AUDPC) through delayed disease onset, but maize had inconsistent effects. Intercropping was not effective against LLS, which dominated in phase 3. Reduced fungicide regimes and partial resistance lowered disease, and in one case interacted with intercropping to enhance disease suppression. Groundnut yields generally were inversely proportional to disease levels and not significantly reduced by intercropping. Separate studies to determine maize impacts on ELS infection implicated disruption of dispersal as the mechanism of disease reduction. This work demonstrates that intercropping may be most effective where low levels of ELS are present, using strip patterns with cotton, and combined with other tools such as resistance and reduced fungicide application.     

化学药剂对绿豆尾孢菌叶斑病的田间防治效果比较

[目的]筛选防治绿豆尾孢菌叶斑病的最佳药剂及方案.[方法]通过田间药效试验测定了4种化学药剂对绿豆尾孢菌叶斑病的防治效果.[结果]43％戊唑醇悬浮剂800倍液喷雾、25％嘧菌酯悬浮剂800倍液喷雾、43％戊唑醇悬浮剂500倍液浸种2 h＋43％戊唑醇悬浮剂800倍液喷雾、25％嘧菌酯悬浮剂500倍液浸种2 h＋25％嘧菌酯悬浮剂800倍液喷雾处理对绿豆尾孢菌叶斑病的防治效果明显,第3次施药后28 d的防治效果均达到80％以上,且具有一定的增产效果,建议在生产上推广应用.[结论]为绿豆尾孢菌叶斑病的化学防治提供了理论依据.     

Chromosome localisation of genes for resistance to Heterodera schachtii, Cercospora beticola and Polymyxa betae using sets of Beta procumbens and B. patellaris derived monosomic additions in B. vulgaris

Beet cyst nematodes (BCN, Heterodera schachtii), Cercospora beticola, and rhizomania, caused by the beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) and vectored by the soil-borne fungus Polymyxa betae, are the most serious diseases of sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris). The wild Beta species of section Procumbentes are known to be completely resistant to H. schachtii, C. beticola and P. betae. Alien monosomic additions (2n=19), plants of cultivated beet (2n=18) carrying different individual chromosomes of B. procumbens (2n=18) or B. patellaris (2n=36), were tested in greenhouse experiments for resistance to these pathogens. Gene(s) conferring full resistance to the beet cyst nematode in B. patellaris are located on chromosome 1.1, and the other tested chromosomes of B. patellaris are not involved in the expression of resistance. Artificial inoculation under greenhouse conditions, with in vitro produced inoculum of C. beticola and spot-percentage rating of the disease intensity, showed that the high level of resistance that was observed in the wild species B. procumbens and B. patellaris was not found in any of the monosomic additions tested. It was suggested that genes on various chromosomes of the wild species are needed to express full resistance, and that the chromosomes of group 7 of B. patellaris and chromosome 7 of B. procumbens have the largest effect. The greenhouse tests for resistance to P. betae in B. patellaris derived monosomic additions showed that the addition families of group 4.1 have a strong partial resistance, while the addition families of group 8.1 appeared to be completely resistant to the pathogen. Resistance to P. betae in the two wild species as well as in the two resistant addition types did not exclude infection with BNYVV, but resulted in a considerable reduction of the virus concentration. It was concluded that resistance to the vector would complement virus resistance, and may provide a more effective and durable control of rhizomania. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

中国玉米灰斑病病原菌的鉴定及其基本特征研究

【目的】明确引起中国玉米灰斑病的病原菌种类。【方法】广泛采集玉米灰斑病发生地区病样,用单孢分离方法获得大量菌株,采用病菌形态学、培养特征和种特异性鉴定技术,准确鉴定中国不同地域的玉米灰斑病致病种。【结果】从黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古、山东、云南和湖北大量采集的玉米灰斑病病样中分离获得136个菌株,经过系统鉴定,确认其中65个菌株为玉蜀黍尾孢（Cercospora zeae-maydis）,71个菌株为玉米尾孢（C. zeina）,未发现以往有记载的高粱尾孢玉米变种（C. sorghi var. maydis）;引起中国北方地区玉米灰斑病的是玉蜀黍尾孢,而引起云南和湖北玉米灰斑病的是玉米尾孢,但在2008年前分离的云南菌株中有玉蜀黍尾孢。【结论】在中国,玉米灰斑病的病原菌有2个种：玉蜀黍尾孢和玉米尾孢,前者存在于黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古和山东,在云南2008年前也有分布,后者分布在西南玉米区的云南、湖北。     

花生网斑病化学防治药剂及复配增效配方的筛选

为了筛选防治花生网斑病菌的有效药剂,采用菌丝生长速率法测定12种杀菌剂原药对花生网斑病菌的室内毒力活性,筛选出防效较好的杀菌剂;选取不同类型的杀菌剂进行复配,并对花生网斑病菌进行室内毒力测定试验.结果表明:95％咯菌腈、98.6％嘧菌酯、97％咪鲜胺、95％苯醚甲环唑、95％己唑醇、95％甲基硫菌灵、97％戊唑醇对花生...     

石楠褐斑病菌的生物学特性研究

为给石楠褐斑病的有效防治提供理论依据,采用菌丝生长速率法和悬滴法,对影响石楠褐斑病菌菌株CE08菌丝生长和病原菌分生孢子萌发的条件进行了研究.结果表明:最适合CE08菌丝生长的培养基为PSA,最适温度为25℃,最适宜pH值7～8;菌丝对葡萄糖和硝酸钾利用效果最好;最适合病菌分生孢子萌发的温度为30℃,最适pH值6～7,...     

花生褐斑病菌产孢条件的研究

花生褐斑病菌(Cercospora arachidicola Hori)在花生秆汁培养基上的产孢量优于前人推荐的3种培养基。培养过程中,不同光照处理对病菌产孢不敏感;不同温度处理产孢量有显著差异。     

黑龙江省大豆新品系抗灰斑病鉴定结果

试验是从1987－2000年14年间对黑龙江省各大豆育种单位育成的新品系在进入区试或生试阶段统一进行抗灰斑病鉴定。对供试的638份大豆品系鉴定结果表明，高抗品系55份，抗病品系80份，中抗品系210份，感病和高感品系303份。对鉴定结果进一步分析看出，1994年以前的大豆新品系抗病性明显好于1994年以后的，1994年以前高抗、抗病、中抗、感病和高感材料的百分率分别为22.7%、11.2%、29%、37%；1994年以后高抗、抗病、中抗、感病和高感材料分别为0.2%、11.5%、38.7%、49.6%，其中高抗材料所占比例明显下降，中抗和感病材料所占比例明显上升。     

甜菜褐斑病菌生理分化研究

采集国内主要甜菜种植区的甜菜褐斑病菌标样,在50余个甜菜品种上进行异地接种鉴定,结合室内离体叶接种和盆栽隔离接种鉴定,并在内蒙通辽、黑龙江呼兰进行自然诱发观察,结果表明,甜菜褐斑病菌的变异较小,仅存在致病力有差异的生理型,尚不存在明显的生理分化现象。本试验提出利用病情指数、产孢量、酯酶同工酶E_5酶带可试作为甜菜褐斑病菌品种抗性接种鉴定的指标。     

Effect of the new pyrazole carboxamide fungicide penthiopyrad on late leaf spot and stem rot of peanut

BACKGROUND: Management of early leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola Hori.), late leaf spot [Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & MA Curtis) Deighton] and stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.) of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in the southeastern USA is heavily dependent upon sterol biosynthesis inhibitor (SBI) and quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides. Effective new fungicides with different modes of action could improve overall disease control and extend the utility of the current fungicides. Penthiopryad is a pyrazole carboxamide fungicide being evaluated for use on peanut. Field experiments were conducted from 2004 to 2007 to determine the effect of a range of rates (0–0.36 kg AI ha^?1) of penthiopyrad on leaf spot and stem rot and the relative efficacy of penthiopyrad and current fungicide standards chlorothalonil, tebuconazole and azoxystrobin. RESULTS: Leaf spot control in plots treated with penthiopyrad at 0.20 kg AI ha^?1 or higher was similar to or better than that for the chlorothalonil standard. The incidence of stem rot for all penthiopyrad treatments was usually less than that for the tebuconazole or azoxystrobin standard treatments. Pod yields for all penthiopyrad treatments were similar to or higher than those for the respective standards. CONCLUSION: Penthiopyrad has excellent potential for management of late leaf spot and stem rot of peanut, and may complement current SBI and QoI fungicides. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry