农田碳汇管理策略及其效果评价

目前增加农田生态系统的碳储量的措施主要有：减少碳损失,包括提高能源利用率,减少水土流失和提高水肥利用率;增加土壤有机碳,包括调整耕作制度,使用有机肥料,应用深根作物和增加土壤中微团聚体的含量。在分析各种策略与措施的基础上,笔者认为以下几种农田碳汇管理措施有效且较容易推广。①实施土地用途转换管理：把低产及土壤退化严重的农田变成草地或森林;集约管理农田,实行农林复合、林草复合经营方式;在区域或地区尺度变单一土地利用方式为承担不同人类需要的多种土地利用方式等。②调整耕作制度：免耕不仅使土壤团聚体的数量和稳定性增加,从而减少了团聚体内部有机质的分解作用;还能有效地抑制土壤的过度通气,减少有机碳的氧化降解,防止土壤侵蚀;此外,免耕土壤有机碳的平均滞留时间比常规耕作土壤增加了约1倍。轮作能提高土壤固碳效率,在轮作中加入豆科作物或豆科牧草更可增加土壤有机质汇集,是实现土壤蓄存碳潜力的重要途径。提高复种指数,降低休耕频率可以提高作物产量并增加土壤作物残茬和根的有机质输人,从而增加土壤中有机碳的含量。③改善经营与管理：有机肥或有机肥和化肥配合施用,能显著提高土壤有机碳含量．应当优先选择;人为改变土壤的水分条件可以调节土壤排放温室气体的总量、组成及其产生的潜在温室效应;残茬和土壤有机质库的增加,可以改善植物的水分利用效率和营养再循环能力,减少养分流失,加强碳汇集。④依托技术进步：如改良作物品种,有计划地抓紧培育具有对高温、干旱等极端气候及病虫害有抗性的品种,确保在新的生态环境中产量不断提高,扩大碳的吸收存储。此外,采用新型节能的农机部件对拖拉机等农业动力机械进行改装,也可减少农田碳排放,增加农田碳汇的潜力。     

橡胶炭疽菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发与碳、氮源关系的研究

[目的]探讨不同碳源和氮源对橡胶炭疽菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的影响。[方法]采用查理固体培养基和孢子悬浮液培养,通过对菌丝生长和孢子萌发的测定试验,研究10种碳源和9种氮源对橡胶炭疽菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的影响。[结果]菌丝生长试验表明,乳糖、D-果糖、葡萄糖、甘油、D-木糖5种碳源培养基的菌丝体生长量较好,生长量均≥7.87mm/d,L-山梨糖碳源培养基则效果较差;硝酸钠、甘氨酸、L-赖氨酸、L-组氨酸4种氮源培养基的菌丝体生长量较好,其生长量≥8.00mm/d,硫酸铵、硝酸铵、氯化铵、L-半胱氨酸氮源培养基则效果较差。孢子萌发试验说明,橡胶炭疽菌能较好地利用各种碳源和氮源,孢子萌发率最低的是在甘油碳源溶液中。[结论]对菌丝体生长和孢子萌发最有利的碳源是葡萄糖,对菌丝生长和孢子萌发较好的氮源有硝酸钠和L-组氨酸。     

安徽省土地利用/覆被变化的碳排放效应分析

在前人研究成果的基础上,运用碳排放估算模型,计算安徽省在21世纪前10年里土地利用/覆被变化的碳排放效应.结果表明,研究区陆地生态系统整体上表现出碳汇效应,2000、2005、2010年净碳汇总量分别为13 116万、15 138万、11 559万t;林地为最大碳汇,建设用地为主要碳源;植树造林背景下区域碳汇功能显著提升并维持稳定,表现为能源消费碳排放形式的建设用地碳排放量与日俱增.     

北京和上海终端能源碳排放量影响因素研究

运用IPCC中碳排放量公式,结合能源消费数据,对北京和上海2005～2012年碳排放终端能源总量进行估计;运用LMDI模型定量分析了经济总量、能源结构、产业结构对碳排放的影响.结果表明,2005～ 2012年经济总量上升是推动北京和上海碳排放量增长的主要因素,能源结构调整是降低碳排放量的主要原因,产业结构调整是影响碳排放量原因之一.通过对能源结构和产业结构进一步分析得出北京和上海两市应通过能源结构调整,增加清洁能源消费比率来减少碳排放,上海市应同时发展第三产业促进产业结构调整降低碳排放的结论.     

黄河源区建植19年人工草地生物结皮CO2通量与叶绿素荧光参数的变化

为了解黄河源人工草地不同类型生物结皮和植被群落CO2释放和固定的变化特征,并探讨二者的影响因子,本文通过调查黄河源建植19年人工草地不同类型生物结皮CO2通量和植被土壤特征变化发现:藻和地衣结皮CO2通量均显著小于苔藓结皮(10.58μmol·m-2·s-1)(P<0.05);苔藓结皮对应的植被群落CO2通量(11.5...     

黄瓜单性结实果实发育与碳氮变化的关系

对黄瓜单性结实品系P 116 8和非单性结实品系UP 3315进行授粉和不授粉处理 ,P 116 8在不授粉的情况下 ,仍具有较好的结实性能 ,其单果质量、果长和果实体积均接近于授粉后生长的果实 ,非单性结实品系UP 3315在不授粉的情况下幼果在花后 3d(天 )就停止发育 ,不能形成产量。随着果实的生长发育 ,果实内碳、氮含量迅速增加 ,花后单果可溶性总糖和蛋白质含量与单果质量呈正相关关系     

干巴菌菌丝营养生理特性的初步研究

本文报道了不同碳源、氮源、微量元素及维生素培养基对干巴菌菌丝生长的影响。试验表明,干巴菌菌丝利用最好的的碳源是葡萄糖,其次是蔗糖。利用最好的氮源是硝酸钙,其次是硝酸铵和硫酸铵,对蛋白胨和尿素的利用效果差。缺少碳源或氮源时,菌丝生长细弱、稀少,不形成原基。微量元素和维生素均对干巴菌菌丝生长有促进作用,其中以锰、铜和维生素Ｂ２的作用尤为突出。     

Energy use and greenhouse gas emissions from turf management of two Swedish golf courses

Turf management on golf courses entails frequent maintenance activities, such as mowing, irrigation and fertilisation, and relies on purchased inputs for optimal performance and aesthetic quality. Using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, this study evaluated energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from management of two Swedish golf courses, divided into green, tee, fairway and rough, and identified options for improved management. Energy use and GHG emissions per unit area were highest for greens, followed by tees, fairways and roughs. However, when considering the entire golf course, both energy use and GHG emissions were mainly related to fairway and rough maintenance due to their larger area. Emissions of GHG for the two golf courses were 1.0 and 1.6 Mg CO₂e ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ as an area-weighted average, while the energy use was 14 and 19 GJ ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Mowing was the most energy-consuming activity, contributing 21 and 27% of the primary energy use for the two golf courses. In addition, irrigation and manufacturing of mineral fertiliser and machinery resulted in considerable energy use. Mowing and emissions associated with fertilisation (manufacturing of N fertiliser and soil emissions of N₂O occurring after application) contributed most to GHG emissions. Including the estimated mean annual soil C sequestration rate for fairway and rough in the assessment considerably reduced the carbon footprint for fairway and turned the rough into a sink for GHG. Emissions of N₂O from decomposition of grass clippings may be a potential hotspot for GHG emissions, but the high spatial and temporal variability of values reported in the literature makes it difficult to estimate these emissions for specific management regimes. Lowering the application rate of N mineral fertiliser, particularly on fairways, should be a high priority for golf courses trying to reduce their carbon footprint. However, measures must be adapted to the prevailing conditions at the specific golf course and the requirements set by golfers.     

Differential Cl−/Salt Tolerance and NaCl‐Induced Alternations of Tissue and Cellular Ion Fluxes in Glycine max,Glycine soja and their Hybrid Seedlings

The salt‐sensitive Glycine max N23674 cultivar, the salt‐born Glycine soja BB52 population, and their hybrid 4076 strain (F₅) selected for salt tolerance generation by generation were used as the experimental materials in this study. First, the effects of NaCl stress on seed germination, tissue damage, and time‐course ionic absorption and transportation were compared. When qualitatively compared with seed germination appearance in culture dishes, and tissue damages on roots or leaves of seedlings, or quantitatively compared with the relative salt injury rate, the inhibition on N23674 was all the most remarkable. After the exposure of 140 mm NaCl for 1 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 2 days and 4 days, the content of Cl^? gradually increased in the roots and leaves of seedlings of BB52, 4076 and 23674. Interestingly, the extents of the Cl^? rise in roots of the three experimental soybean materials were BB52 > 4076 > N23674, whereas those in leaves were just on the contrary. Secondly, by using the scanning ion‐selective electrode technique (SIET), fluxes of Na⁺ and Cl^? in roots and protoplasts isolated from roots and leaves were also investigated among the three experimental soybean materials. After 140 mm NaCl stress for 2, 4 and 6 days, and when compared with N23674, slighter net Cl^? influxes were observed in root tissue and protoplasts of roots and leaves of BB52 and 4076 seedlings, especially at the cellular protoplast level. The results indicate that with regard to the ionic effect of NaCl stress, Cl^? was the main determinant salt ion for salt tolerance in G. soja, G. max and their hybrid, and the difference in their Cl^?/salt tolerance is mainly attributed to the capacity of Cl^? restriction to the plant above‐ground parts such as leaves.     

碳纳米管的酸化处理对碳纳米管/聚氨酯复合材料微观结构及性能的影响

对多壁碳纳米管进行酸化处理,并采用原位聚合法制备了碳纳米管/聚氨酯复合材料。利用X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)、电子扫描显微镜(SEM)、动态力学分析(DMA)研究了碳纳米管酸化与否对复合材料性能的影响。结果表明,碳纳米管经酸化处理后产生了羧基,碳纳米管的原位加入使得复合材料的储存模量和玻璃化转变温度都有所提高,而且经过酸化的碳纳米管对聚氨酯材料的改性要比未酸化碳纳米管对聚氨酯材料的改性效果更为显著。