Emission of N2O, N2 and CO2 from soil fertilized with nitrate: effect of compaction, soil moisture and rewetting

Soil compaction and soil moisture are important factors influencing denitrification and N₂O emission from fertilized soils. We analyzed the combined effects of these factors on the emission of N₂O, N₂ and CO₂ from undisturbed soil cores fertilized with (150 kg N ha⁻¹) in a laboratory experiment. The soil cores were collected from differently compacted areas in a potato field, i.e. the ridges (ρ_D=1.03 g cm⁻³), the interrow area (ρ_D=1.24 g cm⁻³), and the tractor compacted interrow area (ρ_D=1.64 g cm⁻³), and adjusted to constant soil moisture levels between 40 and 98% water-filled pore space (WFPS).High N₂O emissions were a result of denitrification and occurred at a WFPS≥70% in all compaction treatments. N₂ production occurred only at the highest soil moisture level (≥90% WFPS) but it was considerably smaller than the N₂O-N emission in most cases. There was no soil moisture effect on CO₂ emission from the differently compacted soils with the exception of the highest soil moisture level (98% WFPS) of the tractor-compacted soil in which soil respiration was significantly reduced. The maximum N₂O emission rates from all treatments occurred after rewetting of dry soil. This rewetting effect increased with the amount of water added. The results show the importance of increased carbon availability and associated respiratory O₂ consumption induced by soil drying and rewetting for the emissions of N₂O.     

HEC固化剂对日光温室戈壁土墙体固化性能试验

【目的】测试新疆三种典型日光温室戈壁土墙体土样进行固化性能,分析戈壁土固化前后的力学性能和硫酸盐侵蚀后的强度的变化规律,为新疆非耕地墙体固化方案提供理论依据。【方法】依据《土工试验方法标准》GB 50123-1999、《土力学实验》和《土工试验规程》SL 237-1999的测试要求^[1-3],采用颗粒分析试验、击实试验测定土体的颗粒级配、类别和击实性能,研究戈壁土固化前的物理性能,测定固化土的抗压强度、硫酸盐侵蚀后的强度。【结果】(1)三种戈壁土土样均为圆砾,根据特征粒径得出土样的不均匀系数Cu和曲率系数Cc表明2号土样的级配最好,其次为3号土样,1号土样的级配最差。(2)掺入15%的土壤固化料,与原状土相比,1号土样的最大干密度ρ_d和最优含水率w_op增加最为显著,分别为0.046%、0.017%。(3)戈壁土随固化剂掺量的增加,胶凝材料越多,固化土越密实,抗压强度越大。(4)90 d侵蚀试验中,固化土随侵蚀周期的增长,抗压强度越大。【结论】HEC固化剂对新疆常用的日光温室墙体建材具有显著的固化效果,其抗压强度和抗硫酸盐效果满足土墙温室墙体建造要求,固化后的墙体坚固耐腐蚀,降低了温室的维护成本,有效延长了温室的使用寿命。     

湖南烟区烤烟散叶烟箱烘烤过程中的生理生化研究

为了解散叶烟箱烘烤的效果,降低烟叶烘烤成本,对比分析了烟夹和散叶烟箱2种装烟方式烘烤过程中烟叶水分含量、色素含量、酶活性的变化以及烤后烟叶质量。结果表明:散叶烟箱烘烤过程中烟叶的失水速率低于烟夹烘烤,而叶绿素降解则快于烟夹烘烤;2种装烟方式烘烤过程中烟叶类胡萝卜素含量呈现先增后减再增的趋势,但散叶烟箱烘烤的降解幅度小于烟夹烘烤;散叶烟箱烘烤烟叶PPO活性在42℃结束高于烟夹烘烤,其余温度点均低于烟夹烘烤,而淀粉酶、SOD与POD活性48℃结束之后高于烟夹烘烤;散叶烟箱烘烤烤后烟叶组织致密,油分略显不足,色度较弱。在烟叶烘烤过程中需依据烟叶酶活性变化来调整布局方式,以提高散叶烟箱烘烤质量。     

网式散叶密集烘烤下部烟叶失水规律与烘烤效应关系研究

为明确网式散叶密集烘烤过程中不同装烟层烟叶的失水规律及其与烟叶烘烤效应的关系,采用称重器对气流上升式密集烤房网式烟框装烟下部叶烘烤过程中失水量进行了实时测定,并考查烘烤过程中烟叶外观性状变化及烤后烟叶质量性状。结果表明:(1)烘烤过程中上、中、下三层烟叶失水率均呈Logistic曲线变化规律,在干筋期以前烟叶失水率下层明显大于中层,中层明显大于上层;(2)不同层次烟叶失水速率均呈"先上升后下降"的"∧"型变化趋势,全炕烟叶的平均失水率与中层烟叶接近;(3)各层烟叶失水变化规律及烟叶外观性状变化与烘烤过程中温湿度变化、烘烤时间的关系密切,对烟叶外观质量和内在质量都有影响。     

Spatial patterns of soil biological and physical properties in a ridge tilled and a ploughed Luvisol

The present study was conducted to determine the spatial heterogeneity of bulk density, soil moisture, inorganic N, microbial biomass C, and microbial biomass N in the ridge tillage system of Turiel compared to conventional mouldboard ploughing on three sampling dates in May, July, and August. The soil sampling was carried out under vegetation representing the ridge in a high spatial resolution down the soil profile. Bulk density increased with depth and ranged from 1.3 g cm⁻³ at 10 cm depth to 1.6 g cm⁻³ at 35 cm in ploughed plots and from 1.0 g m⁻³ at 5 cm to 1.4 g m⁻³ at 35 cm in the ridges. In the ploughed plots, the contents of microbial biomass C and microbial biomass N remained roughly constant at 215 and 33 μg g⁻¹ soil, respectively, throughout the experimental period. The microbial biomass C/N ratio varied in a small range around 6.4. In the ridged plots, the contents of microbial biomass C and microbial biomass N were 5% and 6% higher compared to the ploughed plots. Highest microbial biomass C contents of roughly 300 μg g⁻¹ soil were always measured in the crowns in July. The lowest contents of microbial biomass C of 85–137 μg g⁻¹ soil were measured in the furrows. The ridges showed strong spatial heterogeneity in bulk density, soil water content, inorganic nitrogen and microbial biomass.     

河西走廊紫花苜蓿干草调制技术研究

紫花苜蓿(Medicago stativa L.)是为建立河西走廊地区苜蓿干草调制技术,于2004年在河西走廊地区以种植3年的紫花苜蓿为材料,对第2茬苜蓿进行了刈割时期、晾晒时间、打捆时间、翻晒对紫花苜蓿干草质量的影响研究.结果表明:苜蓿干草调制成功与否主要决定于晾晒时间、翻晒和打捆时间,而调制的苜蓿干草质量主要决定于刈割时期和打捆时间;河西走廊紫花苜蓿在初花期刈割,晾晒28 h-32 h,并进行翻晒作业,16:00-17:30打捆,避开过早或过晚打捆,可获得质量好、营养价值较高并可长期贮存的干草产品.该技术的提出对我国北方地区调制优质苜蓿干草提供了科学依据.     

密集烤房装烟密度对烤烟上部烟叶质量的影响

为了研究装烟密度对烤后上部烟叶质量的影响,为密集烤房烘烤工艺完善和优化提供依据,设低密度（3 000 kg/炕）,中密度（4 000 kg/炕）,高密度（5 000 kg/炕）3个装烟密度,对比分析了装烟密度对烤后上部烟叶外观质量、常规化学成分、中性挥发性香味成分和经济性状的影响。结果表明：（1）装烟密度为中密度时,烟叶的外观质量综合得分最高,表现较好。（2）提高装烟密度能够极显著降低上部烟叶的还原糖和淀粉含量,烟碱、水溶性总糖含量也有所降低,显著提高钾含量,而氯含量和石油醚提取物含量变化不大;中密度处理的大部分品质指标较好,化学成分更加协调。（3）增加上部烟叶的装烟密度能够提高中性致香物质含量,改善烟叶的香气质量,尤其以中密度最为明显,较低密度增加14.64%。可见,装烟密度为中密度时能够提高上部烟叶的质量和经济效益。     

室温固化淀粉基水性异氰酸酯胶的研究

以复合改性淀粉乳液、乙二酸、聚乙烯醇、聚合异氰酸酯(PMDI)为主要影响因素,以压缩剪切强度为评价指标,通过试验优化出满足JISK6806-2003指标要求的常温固化型淀粉基API的配比。经验证试验证明:优化出的较佳配比,在生产中具有可操作性,PMDI可不经封闭直接使用,能够满足现有的木制品生产工艺的要求。     

普通烤房改造为密集式烤房循环风机的研究

以标准化气流上升式普通烤房（2.7m×2.7m）为基础,装烟容量增加一倍,分别配置750W 、550W、370W、250W、150W循环风机,分析烤后烟叶的内外品质,结果表明：风量5600m3/h、功率250W轴流风机效果理想。     

桉树油桐尺蛾室内化学防治技术研究

以25%灭幼脲粉剂(增效型)、25%阿维菌素.灭幼脲悬浮剂、5%吡虫啉乳油、AS-2型杀虫乳剂四种化学药剂进行油桐尺蛾室内防治试验,结果表明:4种药剂对油桐尺蛾4龄幼虫具有较好的杀虫效果。25%灭幼脲粉剂(增效型)和AS-2型杀虫乳剂具有较好的杀虫速效作用;5%吡虫啉乳油具有较好的杀虫缓效作用;25%阿维菌素.灭幼脲悬浮剂兼具速效和缓效作用,为生产防治的首选药剂。