The severity and cause of leaf spot disease of Pongamia pinnata L. and fungicidal control of the pathogen

A survey on the symptom and severity of the leaf spot disease of Pongamia pinnata L. was conducted in the nurseries of the Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Chittagong （IFESCU）, Bangladesh Forest Research Institute （BFRI） and Aronnak Nursery in Chittagong. The highest infection percentage and disease index were found in IFESCU nursery, followed by BFRI and the lowest was recorded in Aronnak nursery. The associated organism of leaf spot disease of P. pinnata was isolated from the diseased plant parts and the pathogenicity was established with the isolated fungus. Colletorichum gloeosprioides Penz was proved to be pathogenic. The inhibition of mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides was observed and identified as suitable fungicides （Bavistin, Cupravite and Dithane M-45） and doses （0.05, 0.10, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50 and 2.00）. The lowest and highest mycelial growth were respectively found on Bavistin and on Cupravite at the concentration of 0.05 after 8th day of incubation. It indicates that out of the three tested fungicides, Bavistin showed most effective, followed by Diathane M-45, and Cupravite was ineffective for its very little inhibition on mycelial growth.     

A framework for assessing the efficacy of antimicrobials in the control of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens

This review presents a framework for assessing the efficacy of antimicrobials used to control necrotic enteritis (NE) caused byClostridium perfringens (CP) in the context of susceptibility testing and clinical efficacy, and their potential interactions with the intestinal microbiota of poultry. Practitioners have traditionally based their choice of antimicrobial agent on antimicrobial susceptibility testing, but there appears to be a lack of correlation with clinical efficacy for in-feed antimicrobials (particularly bacitracin and virginiamycin). Resistance patterns of CP and antimicrobials have been monitored using epidemiological cutoffs for minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), which are not intended to guide therapy. Also, most data have been determined using CP isolates from healthy birds (i.e., potentially from commensal strains not known to be clinically relevant). It is believed that NE is caused by specific virulent CP strains (and potentially other bacteria) that proliferate and displace these commensals. The presence of resistant commensals is not necessarily detrimental (and may even be beneficial) if they inhibit the single CP strain dominance effect observed in acute NE. The choice of antimicrobial therapy in a clinical setting should thus be based on a variety of factors, including an accurate diagnosis, results of efficacy studies, prior experience at the premises in question, and interpretation of MIC data, recognizing that it is not necessarily well correlated with clinical efficacy.     

汽车弯道自动转向照明系统的研究

汽车上安装的普通前照灯具有固定的照射范围,当汽车夜间转弯时,由于无法调节照明角度,常在弯道内侧出现"盲区",极大地威胁了驾驶员夜间的驾车安全。本文研究的汽车自动弯道照明系统,安装在货车、农用运输车上,根据夜间行驶道路的弯道情况,随时自动调整弯道照明的光束方向,减少弯道内侧出现的盲区,以便及时发现障碍物和行人,从而增强夜间驾驶的安全性。     

2种桑树病原真菌多重PCR检测方法的建立

目的 褐斑病与轮纹病是桑树Morus alba 的2种常见真菌性病害,危害严重,给生产上带来极大损失。本研究旨在快速准确地诊断2种病害的主要病原菌新褐斑壳丰孢Neophloeospora maculans与膝节霉Gonatophragmium triuniae。方法 基于多重PCR原理,针对2种病原菌的核糖体内转录间隔区(Internal transcribed spacer, ITS)序列设计多重PCR的特异性引物,优化多重PCR反应的条件,并通过对45份不同地区桑树褐斑病与轮纹病样本进行检测以验证所建立的多重PCR的可行性。结果 建立的多重PCR检测体系具有良好的可操作性,特异性良好,2种病原菌的DNA检测灵敏度分别达0.1 和1.0 pg/μL,通过对不同地区的田间收集的多份桑树病样进行检测,可以明显区分出不同地区2种病害病原菌的种类。结论 所建立的多重PCR技术可用于桑树褐斑病与轮纹病病原菌的快速检测,可为桑树真菌性病害的防控建立基础。     

克氏原螯虾CSGalNAcT-1基因功能初步研究

为探究硫酸软骨素N-乙酰半乳糖胺基转移酶-1（chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1,CSGalNAcT-1）在克氏原螯虾免疫反应中的作用,利用RACE技术成功获得克氏原螯虾CSGalNAcT-1基因完整cDNA序列,并通过荧光定量PCR分析该基因在各组织中的表达模式以及在CpG寡脱氧核苷酸（ODN）、嗜水气单胞菌和白斑综合征病毒（WSSV）刺激后的表达情况。结果显示,克氏原螯虾CSGalNAcT-1基因在中肠的相对表达量最高,其次是近胃段肠,在心脏、胃、肌肉和围食道神经中的相对表达量较低。克氏原螯虾肝胰腺、血细胞中CSGalNAcT-1基因表达量在嗜水气单胞菌和WSSV刺激下呈现出下调及上调,而在注射免疫刺激剂CpG ODN后,CSGalNAcT-1基因表达水平在大部分组织中呈现上调。表明克氏原螯虾CSGalNAcT-1基因可能在抵御外界病原侵染以及增强自身免疫反应的过程中发挥重要作用。     

烟草靶斑病病原学与综合防控手段最新研究进展

烟草靶斑病于2006年在辽宁丹东烟区被发现之后,在我国许多地方都被报导,影响烟叶生产,造成经济损失。本文在国外有关烟草靶斑病的流行条件和防治措施的研究基础上,针对我国烟区靶斑病病原学和综合防治技术方面取得的最新进展,从烟草靶斑病的识别鉴定、病原生物学、发生流行规律与综合防控措施四个方面进行综述,旨在为烟草靶斑病的快速准确识别与高效绿色防控提供指导。     

Horizontal transmission dynamics of White spot syndrome virus by cohabitation trials in juvenile Penaeus monodon and P. vannamei

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), a rod-shaped double-stranded DNA virus, is an infectious agent causing fatal disease in shrimp farming around the globe. Within shrimp populations WSSV is transmitted very fast, however, the modes and dynamics of transmission of this virus are not well understood. In the current study the dynamics of disease transmission of WSSV were investigated in small, closed populations of Penaeus monodon and Penaeus vannamei. Pair cohabitation experiments using PCR as a readout for virus infection were used to estimate transmission parameters for WSSV in these two species. The mortality rate of contact-infected shrimp in P. monodon was higher than the rate in P. vannamei. The transmission rate parameters for WSSV were not different between the two species. The relative contribution of direct and indirect transmission rates of WSSV differed between the two species. For P. vannamei the direct contact transmission rate of WSSV was significantly lower than the indirect environmental transmission rate, but for P. monodon, the opposite was found. The reproduction ratio R₀ for WSSV for these two species of shrimp was estimated to be above one: 2.07 (95%CI 1.53, 2.79) for P. monodon and 1.51 (95%CI 1.12, 2.03) for P. vannamei. The difference in R₀ between the two species is due to a lower host mortality and hence a longer infectious period of WSSV in P. monodon.     

蜜柚黑斑病症状及病原鉴定

症状观察结果确认平和县琯溪蜜柚黑斑病出现2种症状类型：黑星型和黑斑型．通过病原菌分离培养、形态特征观察和ITS序列分析,果实黑斑病的病原鉴定为亚洲柑橘叶点霉,叶片黑斑有亚洲柑橘叶点霉和中华柑橘叶点霉．采用科赫氏法则证实亚洲柑橘叶点霉是瑁溪蜜柚黑斑病的病原菌,中华柑橘叶点霉未能对琯溪蜜柚果实致病．     

Characterization and application of monoclonal antibodies against white spot syndrome virus

Three hybridoma clones secreting monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced from mouse myeloma and spleen cells immunized with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) isolated and purified from Penaeus monodon (Fabricius), collected from north-eastern Taiwan. By sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE), the protein profile of this isolate contained four major proteins with sizes of approximately 35 (VP35), 28 (VP28), 24 (VP24), and 19 kDa (VP19). Western blot analysis revealed that two MAbs (1D7 and 6E1) recognized epitopes on VP28 and one MAb (3E8) recognized an epitope on VP19. The MAb 6E1 isotyped to the IgG₁ class was used in both an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and in an immunochemical staining protocol for successful identification and localization of WSSV in infected shrimp tissues. Antigenic similarity of isolates from Indonesia and Malaysia to the Taiwan isolate was illustrated by IFA with MAb 6E1. A MAb (2F6) which bound specifically to two shrimp proteins, 75 and 72 kDa, and reacted to the healthy and non-target tissues of WSSV in infected shrimp, such as hepatopancreas, is also described here and shows the necessity for specific identification of antibodies.