Genetic variability within Phaeoisariopsis griseola from Central America and its implications for resistance breeding of common bean

The genetic and virulence variability of 112 isolates of Phaeoisariopsis griseola , collected from various locations in Central America, were studied using seven random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers and 12 common-bean differential genotypes. Broad molecular diversity ( H  = 0·92) among isolates was found using RAPD markers. Fifty pathotypes were identified on 12 differential bean genotypes, 29 of which were represented by only one isolate. Only 18 pathotypes were found in two or more countries. Pathotype 63-63 was the most virulent and caused leaf spots on all 12 common-bean differential genotypes. Comparison of virulence phenotypes and RAPD profiles to known Andean P. griseola isolates confirmed that all isolates belonged to the Mesoamerican group. Pairwise comparison between individual RAPD loci showed that the majority were in gametic phase linkage disequilibrium, revealing that P. griseola maintains a genetic structure that is consistent with asexual reproduction. The molecular and virulence diversities of P. griseola isolates from Central America imply that using single resistance genes to manage angular leaf spot is inadequate and stacking resistance genes may be necessary to manage the disease effectively.     

柑橘褐斑病菌对不同抗性柑橘品种防御酶活性的影响

以柑橘褐斑病高抗品种Lw8,中抗品种L2,高感品种Lw14为实验材料,通过孢子喷雾法使柑橘褐斑病菌感染柑橘叶片,研究接菌0d、1d、2d、3d、6d、8d、10d时,柑橘叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、几丁质酶(CHT)酶和β-1,3葡聚糖酶(GLU)含量及活性变化规律与品种抗病性的关系。结果表明,接种前,两个抗病品种Lw8、L2中的POD、SOD、PAL、PPO 、GLU、CHT活性显著高于高感品种Lw14,CAT活性则与高感品种Lw14相近;接种后,3个不同抗性品种中SOD、POD、CAT、PAL、PPO 、GLU、CHT 7种防御酶活性较对照明显提高,但不同品种增加幅度不一致,除CAT外,其余6种防御酶活性均表现为抗病品种Lw8、L2增幅显著高于高感品种Lw14,且两个抗病品种一般在接菌3d内6种防御酶活性迅速升高并达到峰值;而高感品种Lw14防御酶(除CAT外)活性或增幅较小或较两个抗病品种滞后。本研究初步探讨了不同抗性品种接种褐斑病菌后7种防御酶的活性动态变化与柑橘品种抗病性关系,为进一步研究其抗病机理奠定基础。     

菠萝蜜芽苗砧嫁接育苗技术

菠萝蜜是广泛栽培在我国华南地区的著名热带水果。培育菠萝蜜种子芽砧苗,采用优良菠萝蜜品种作接穗进行嫁接育苗,操作简单易掌握,相对其他嫁接育苗方法,嫁接成活率高,育苗时间短,是值得推广的一种嫁接育苗方法。     

4种菌根真菌对五氯酚耐受性及其生理基础研究

通过纯培养的方法，研究了4种外生菌根真菌——美味牛肝菌(Boletus edulis)、褐环乳牛肝菌(Suillus luteus)、丝膜菌、(Cortinarrus russus)和厚环粘盖乳牛肝菌(Suillus grevillei)的生长效应、对五氯酚的耐受性，并采用点试方法对真菌氧化还原酶的产生情况进行了检测。结果表明，4种外生菌根真菌在MM培养基上的生长速率显著高于MMN培养基。4种外生菌根真菌对五氯酚均有一定的耐受性，厚环粘盖乳牛肝菌(Suillus grevillei)耐受性最高，其生长抑制率显著低于其它真菌。酶测试结果表明，厚环粘盖乳牛肝菌是4种真菌中氧化还原酶活性较强且酶种类多样的菌株，它表现出很高的过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶和漆酶活性，是一种具有高效降解芳环结构污染物潜力的菌根真菌。4种真菌在生物量和“酸化效应”方面差异较大。厚环粘盖乳牛肝菌(Suillus grevillei)对五氯酚的高耐受性可能与其产酶特性和“酸化效应”有关。     

辣椒抗番茄斑萎病毒病研究进展及展望

番茄斑萎病毒（Tomato spotted wilt virus,TSWV）自19 世纪发现以来,在全世界各地蔓延,对多种作物造成重大经济损失。本文以辣椒为例,从TSWV 的发生与分布、病害症状检测、传播方式、防治方法、抗TSWV 育种及展望等6 个方面对国内外辣椒TSWV 的研究现状进行综述。     

梨每花序花朵数量与花芽营养物质的关系

为了探究梨花芽分化机理、分析每花序花朵数量差异的原因,选择每花序花朵数量差异较大的两个品种‘恩梨’和‘金香水’梨,对其花芽的营养物质进行分析,包括淀粉、可溶性糖、蛋白质及N、P、K等11种矿质元素。结果表明:‘恩梨’花芽淀粉含量显著大于‘金香水’梨,‘金香水’梨花芽N、P、K含量极显著大于‘恩梨’,‘金香水’梨花芽Zn含量显著大于‘恩梨’,‘金香水’梨花芽Fe、Cu、B含量极显著小于‘恩梨’。花芽中花朵的分化过程需要消耗淀粉。与花芽中花朵分化密切相关的元素有N、P、K、Fe、Cu、B、Zn。     

不同苜蓿种质材料对茎点霉叶斑病的抗性评价

为了明确不同苜蓿材料（Medicago Sativa）对茎点霉叶斑病的抗性,对来自国内外的30份苜蓿材料进行了苗期抗病性评价,采用紫外分光光度计比色法,对不同抗感病材料体内的苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性变化进行了研究。结果表明：不同苜蓿材料对茎点霉叶斑病的抗病性存在显著差异,各材料间病情指数（4.28~51.65）变化较大,其中抗病性最强的是来自内蒙的‘敖汉苜蓿’,感病性最强的是来自陕西的‘陕西苜蓿’,中抗材料有10份。接菌前,各材料间CAT,SOD活性差异显著（P<0.05）,而PAL活性差异不显著;接菌后,3种酶活性均比接菌前有所升高,CAT和PAL呈先增后减的趋势,SOD活性呈依次递减趋势;同一材料在接菌后第4,8,12天3种酶活性也表现显著性差异（P<0.05）。     

Serum chloramphenicol levels and the intramuscular bioavailability of several parenteral formulations of chloramphenicol in ruminants

Summary

Serum chloramphenicol concentrations were determined by microbiological and chemical assay methods in cows, ewes, and goats treated parenterally with seven different veterinary parenteral chloramphenicol products, including the water soluble sodium succinate ester of chloramphenicol and solutions of 20%, 25% and 50% of chloramphenicol base in various organic solvents. Serum drug concentrations were analyzed for the effect of product formulation differences, dosage, whether the drug was administered i.m. at a single body site or to two sites, and the method of assay, on the absorption from the injection site, peak drug levels, and the persistence in serum of effective concentrations of the drug i.e. 5 to 10 ug / ml. Although differences were observed among the 6 products containing chloramphenicol base in respect to absorption rate and peak serum drug levels, and although these differences significantly influenced the persistence of microbiologically‐active serum drug concentrations at the level of ≥ 10 μg / ml, they did not at the level of ≥ 5 μg / ml.

In the animal species examined, injections given at 2 sites appeared to influence the duration of predetermined serum drug levels more than the differences among the products in respect of the absorption and elimination rates from serum, the peak serum concentrations, and the dose. The shapes of the concentration‐to‐time curves in cows and ewes injected with the same dose of a given product were essentially the same, but they were different in goats. Serum chloramphenicol concentrations measured chemically after treatment with chloramphenicol base were 20% to 46% higher than those measured microbiologically.

For 60 minutes after the sodium succinate ester had been administered i.v. and i.m. to ewes, the chemically determined chloramphenicol levels were more than twice as high as the respective concentrations determined by microbiological assay, but thereafter, the magnitude of those differences was not greater than observed after treatment with chloramphenicol base.

Intramuscular bioavailability of the products containing chloramphenicol base injected at 2 sites was rather poor (51% to 80.5%ofthe dose) and even lower values were calculated after injection at a single site.

Results are briefly discussed of the effect of dosage form on the persistence of microbiologically effective serum drug levels. A dose of at least 50 mg / kg to be administered i.m. at two sites are essential prerequisits for chloramphenicol therapy in ruminants.     

Characterization and PCR-based Typing of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria from Peppers and Tomatoes in Serbia

During the last two decades bacterial strains associated with necrotic leaf spots of pepper and tomato fruit spots were collected in Serbia. Twenty-eight strains isolated from pepper and six from tomato were characterized. A study of their physiological and pathological characteristics, and fatty acid composition analysis revealed that all of the strains belong to Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. Being non-amylolytic and non-pectolytic, pathogenic on pepper but not on tomato, containing lower amounts of fatty acid 15 : 0 ante–iso, the pepper strains were designated as members of the A group of X. campestris pv. vesicatoria. However, the tomato strains hydrolyzed starch and pectate, caused compatible reactions on tomato but not on pepper, had higher percent of 15 : 0 ante–iso fatty acid, and were classified into B phenotypic group and identified as X. vesicatoria. PCR primers were developed which amplified conserved DNA regions related to the hrp genes of different strains of X. campestris pv. vesicatoria associated with pepper and tomato. Restriction analysis of the PCR product resulted in different patterns and enabled grouping of the strains into four groups. When xanthomonads isolated from pepper and tomato in Serbia were analyzed, they clustered into two groups corresponding to the grouping based on their physiological and pathological characteristics. According to the reaction of pepper and tomato differential varieties, the strains from pepper belong to races P7 and P8 and tomato strains belong to the race T2. All strains were sensitive to copper and streptomycin. Advantages and disadvantages of various bacterial spot management practices are discussed.     

条斑型玉米圆斑病病原鉴定及其生物学特性研究

 本研究通过致病性测定、形态学和分子生物学鉴定方法,首次明确陕西省发生的玉米条斑型叶斑病是玉米圆斑病的一种症状类型,由玉米生离蠕孢(Bipolaris zeicola)3号生理小种引起。供试品种豫玉22、农大108、农大3138、东单7号、沈单10号、沈单16号、户单4号、新陕资1号、高农1号和陕单9号都对3号生理小种表现感病,品种间抗病性差异不显著。此菌在PDA、PSA、OMA、CMA、WA和Czapek上均可生长,最适生长培养基为PDA。菌落生长温度为5~35℃,最适菌落生长温度为25℃。分生孢子在5~40℃均可萌发,低于5℃高于40℃萌发率极低,萌发的最适温度为28℃。孢子在pH 3~11均可萌发,萌发最适pH为5。在自来水中分生孢子可以萌发,蔗糖和葡萄糖溶液可以明显促进孢子萌发。