海南热区香蕉地预破土凿式深松机设计与试验

针对海南热带农业区香蕉地现有深松机具匮乏、松土质量差等问题,该研究研制了一款预破土凿式深松机,首先确定整机深松方式,并采用三维建模方法建立深松机整体模型;进一步确定了深松机的整体结构与工作原理,并设计阐述了深松机的关键结构参数。基于田间试验,对深松作业后的土壤坚实度及土壤容重进行测定,确定了前进速度、深松深度、破土刃入土深度为对土壤坚实度及土壤容重有显著影响效果的因素。进一步以土壤坚实度及土壤容重为响应值,基于Box-Behnken设计试验得到响应值与显著性参数的二阶回归模型,并针对显著性参数进行寻优,得到最佳组合:前进速度为1.15 m/s、深松深度为350 mm、破土刃入土深度为250mm。在标定的最优参数下进行的田间验证试验结果表明,土壤坚实度为752 Pa,土壤容重为1.48 g/cm³,与预测值(734 Pa、1.42 g/cm³)之间的误差分别为2.4%、4.2%,验证了分析的可信性。最后通过与现有传统深松机具开展的对比试验得出:相较于传统深松机具,预破土凿式深松机作业后,土壤坚实度下降6.39%,土壤容重下降9.76%,进一步证...     

Charcoal and smoke extract stimulate the soil microbial community in a highly weathered xanthic Ferralsol

The influence of charcoal and smoke condensates (pyroligneous acid, PA) on microbial activity in a highly weathered Amazonian upland soil was assessed via measurements of basal respiration (BR), substrate-induced respiration (SIR), and exponential population increase after substrate addition. PA extracts are commonly used for fertilizer or as pest control in Brazil, where phosphorus (P) availability and nitrogen (N) leaching are among the most severe limitations for agriculture. Microbes play an important role in nutrient cycling and solubilizing of phosphate. BR, microbial biomass, population growth and the microbe's efficiency (expressed by the metabolic quotient) increased linearly and significantly with increasing charcoal concentrations (50, 100 and 150 g kg⁻¹ soil). Application of PA caused a sharp increase in all parameters. We suppose that the condensates from smoke contain easily degradable substances and only small amounts of inhibitory agents, which could be utilized by the microbes for their metabolism.     

Nitrogen retention and plant uptake on a highly weathered central Amazonian Ferralsol amended with compost and charcoal

Leaching losses of N are a major limitation of crop production on permeable soils and under heavy rainfalls as in the humid tropics. We established a field trial in the central Amazon (near Manaus, Brazil) in order to study the influence of charcoal and compost on the retention of N. Fifteen months after organic‐matter admixing (0–0.1 m soil depth), we added ¹⁵N‐labeled (NH₄)₂SO₄ (27.5 kg N ha^–1 at 10 atom% excess). The tracer was measured in top soil (0–0.1 m) and plant samples taken at two successive sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) harvests. The N recovery in biomass was significantly higher when the soil contained compost (14.7% of applied N) in comparison to only mineral‐fertilized plots (5.7%) due to significantly higher crop production during the first growth period. After the second harvest, the retention in soil was significantly higher in the charcoal‐amended plots (15.6%) in comparison to only mineral‐fertilized plots (9.7%) due to higher retention in soil. The total N recovery in soil, crop residues, and grains was significantly (p < 0.05) higher on compost (16.5%), charcoal (18.1%), and charcoal‐plus‐compost treatments (17.4%) in comparison to only mineral‐fertilized plots (10.9%). Organic amendments increased the retention of applied fertilizer N. One process in this retention was found to be the recycling of N taken up by the crop. The relevance of immobilization, reduced N leaching, and gaseous losses as well as other potential processes for increasing N retention should be unraveled in future studies.     

硝/铵营养对香蕉枯萎病尖孢镰刀菌生长的影响

通过室内平板培养,研究了不同硝/铵配比的氮源,以及不同的pH对香蕉枯萎病尖孢镰刀菌生长的影响。结果表明: 1）在所有不同硝/铵配比处理中,低pH（pH=4）均抑制尖孢镰刀菌的生长。在相同pH值条件下,100%铵态氮处理中尖孢镰刀菌的生长受到明显抑制,其菌落直径均小于4 cm; 2）在不同浓度铵处理后,尖孢镰刀菌的生长在铵态氮大于5 mmol/L时受到强烈的抑制; 3）通过模拟植物细胞壁被尖孢镰刀菌侵染并穿透的过程中发现,尖孢镰刀菌在100%铵态氮处理下不能穿透赛璐膜。本研究结果说明,铵态氮能够控制香蕉尖孢镰刀菌的生长,并抑制其侵染穿透寄主细胞壁。     

香蕉花序组织直接诱导芽丛的研究

以香蕉台湾８号的花序为材料，以吸芽为对照，研究了花序组织直接诱导芽丛的培养效果。结果表明：在同等条件下，两种外植体均能直接诱导出芽丛；不同外植体的诱导率，繁殖系数有差异，生根培养及移栽效果基本相同。     

喷灌不同施肥量对‘宝岛’香蕉生产效果影响

为给‘宝岛’香蕉生产提供适宜的施肥方式,试验采用低压微喷灌研究不同施肥量对香蕉生长发育的影响,以传统施肥(干撒肥料,CK)为对照,设置3个低压微喷灌施肥量处理,依次为传统施肥量的100%(T1)、80%(T2)和60%(T3)。试验结果表明:较CK相比,T1和T2表现为生长势强,抽蕾期提前约30 d,产量分别提高8.80%和6.87%以上,每公顷经济效益分别提高11.84万和12.03万元。因此,T2是为生产中较好的施肥模式。     

漳州香蕉低温害分析的GIS应用

利用地理信息系统(GIS),使用“数字福建”工程提供的地理信息数据,应用已建立的模式,推算漳州市网格精度为50m×50m分辨率的年度极端最低气温平均值;根据给定的分级指标显示漳州香蕉低温害的空间分布情况;结合地形影响的分析揭示漳州香蕉低温害的分布特征.     

Patterns of amphibian diversity in Brazilian Amazonia: conservation implications

A literature survey was conducted to determine the amphibian diversity and distribution in Brazilian Amazonia. Patterns of endemisms and similarity of fauna between localities were also addressed. Twenty-eight inventories were found for the region, the majority localized in areas with easier access by road or river. A minimum of 163 amphibian species was recorded for Brazilian Amazonia. Although many species are endemic to the Amazonian lowlands as an entity, the patterns of species uniqueness among sites suggested low endemic distribution within the lowlands of the Amazon Basin. The mean similarity between localities varied from low to intermediate (mean=0.40), indicating that the Brazilian Amazonia is characterized by distinctive assemblages of amphibians throughout its extension. Localities further apart had lower similarity. No threatened species were recorded. These results contribute to determine priority areas for new inventories and establishment of conservation units. We suggest that areas next to the Amazon deforestation frontier should be prioritized for new studies due to the high rate of alteration and potential loss of species. Additionally, studies on amphibian population dynamics are few in Brazilian Amazonia and more of them should be emphasized to help to draw a better picture of the status of amphibians in this region.     

香蕉茎秆挤压脱水技术装备研究进展及改进方向

香蕉茎秆挤压脱水工艺是香蕉茎秆资源化利用的关键步骤,可以有效地降低运输成本,减轻蕉农的劳动强度,有利于提高香蕉茎秆的综合利用率。该文从介绍香蕉茎秆原料结构形态,化学成分以及蕉秆水分的存在形态出发,详细论述了国内外对高含水量的香蕉茎秆采取的脱水技术的研究现状和最新进展,指出了各种典型设备的结构特点。讨论了各种机械挤压脱水设备的实用性、优缺点及商业推广价值。指出平板压榨为间歇生产,压榨周期长;螺旋挤压脱水要求原料为粉碎性物料,物料的适应性差;轧辊式挤压脱水为连续生产,效率较高。针对香蕉茎秆体形高大质地软,纤维长的特点,确定香蕉茎秆挤压脱水技术应采取轧辊式挤压脱水工艺,提出轧辊式挤压脱水设备的开发改进建议,认为设备体积小,操作简单安全,处理量大,可靠性高是主要的研究方向。