果胶酶在制备澄清型香蕉汁中的工艺研究

澄清型香蕉汁的制备中,果胶酶应用的工艺条件对产品的品质有很大影响。分别考察了果胶酶的添加量、温度、反应时间等因素对香蕉汁澄清度的影响,并通过正交试验发现,反应温度55℃,反应时间为150 min,果胶酶质量浓度为0.09 g/L,果汁的透光率最大为76.74%。     

接种枯萎病菌香蕉苗病症及其组织病理特征

用枯萎病菌4号生理小种接种香蕉苗后,观察发现:香蕉苗在发病初期出现了黄叶、球茎组织变褐症状;发病中期出现了叶片萎蔫、球茎组织变褐、假茎可见斑点状或线条状褐色病变、根变黑褐症状;发病后期出现了植株萎蔫、枯死等症状.采用组织病菌分离法,发现病菌从香蕉根部侵入后,由香蕉组织下部向上部传导,并在根、球茎和假茎中稳定定殖.用组织切片法观察发现病菌能使香蕉苗球茎组织产生褐变,引起细胞壁木质素增加及淀粉颗粒减少.     

Effects of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and two plant-parasitic nematodes on<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Musa</Emphasis> genotypes differing in root morphology

In this study, the effect of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) and two migratory endoparasitic nematodes on Musa plant growth, including the root system, were examined. In addition, the AMF-nematode interaction was studied. Seven Musa genotypes with different root systems were selected. Based on their relative mycorrhizal dependency, two genotypes (Calcutta 4 and Obino l'Ewai) were selected for AMF-nematode interaction studies. The experiments were performed under greenhouse conditions. Mycorrhization with Glomus mosseae resulted in a significantly better plant growth even in the presence of nematodes. The effect of AMF on the root system was genotype-dependent and seemed to be related to the relative mycorrhizal dependency of the genotype. The nematodes also affected the root system, decreasing branching. Nematode population densities were significantly reduced in the presence of AMF, except for Pratylenchus coffeae in Obino l'Ewai. In the root system, it appeared that the decreased branching caused by the nematodes was counterbalanced by the increased branching caused by the AMF.     

利用系统动力学模型通过选择定植期最大化香蕉种植收益

为获得香蕉种植收益最大时的定植期,本文尝试利用系统动力学建模方式,对香蕉定植期进行选择。该模型通过模拟海南岛西部采用较多的一年一造种植方式,考虑香蕉价格和果串钟随季节的波动。模型只需输入逐周气温数据既可以输出该轮种植期内的总收益。模型的准确性经过2007-2008年东方地区香蕉发育情况拟合与验证。模拟结果表明在第22-25周（即5月下旬到六月中上旬）定植香蕉可以获取最大经济收益,与其他定植期相比可以增加经济受益40%。该模型的建立为下一步估算气候变化对香蕉种植的经济影响奠定基础。     

Natural and artificially-induced habitat complexity and freshwater fish species composition

Abstract  The effects of habitat complexity, induced by construction of artificial reefs, on the fish assemblages in the Barra Bonita reservoir, Brazil, and in the lotic zone immediately below the dam were studied. Four artificial reefs were constructed in each habitat at variable distances from the shore. Multiple correspondence analysis showed that the factors distance from the shore and type of habitat were determinants for the group formation, and artificial reefs had a lesser effect. Fish species composition was about the same at locations with and without reefs.     

A review of spawning induction,larviculture, and juvenile rearing of the fat snook, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Centropomus parallelus</Emphasis>

The fat snook, Centropomus parallelus, is a commercially valuable marine fish species with potential for aquaculture. This paper describes the development of technology for mass production of fat snook juveniles at the Experimental Fish Hatchery of the Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, focusing on research about reproduction, larviculture, and juvenile rearing. Induced spawning of wild fat snook was first achieved in 1991 with a single injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). There was a substantial increase in egg quality when broodstock was conditioned in maturation rooms and induced to spawn. Different dosages of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue (LHRHa) with saline injection and colesterol implant were also tested. As fat snook exhibits group-synchronous oocyte development, females could be induced to spawn (with 35–50 μg kg⁻¹ of LHRHa) once a month, resulting in up to four consecutive spawnings. Results of larval culture were highly variable at the beginning; survival rates were frequently around 1% until the juvenile stage. Several experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of environmental factors and feeding quality on survival and growth. With the improvement of the spawning induction technique and better larviculture practices, survival rates increased to 10–30%. Studies on the particular requirements of juveniles in terms of stocking density, feeding, nutrition, and environmental factors were also performed in order to improve growth rates and feed utilization. The present study demonstrates the feasibility of mass production of fat snook juveniles. However, further research is needed to develop cost-effective grow-out technology.     

Histopathology of Hematopoietic Tissue in Channel Catfish,Ictalurus punctatus,with Anemia

Outbreaks of anemia (CCA) in channel catfish, Ictalurirs punctatus, in Mississippi occur predominantly during spring and fall. Between October, 1990 and May, 1991, twenty-seven cases of CCA were submitted to the Mississippi Cooperative Extension Service-College of Veterinary Medicine Fish Diagnostic Laboratories. Histologic lesions were identified in the head and trunk kidneys of all affected fish. The head kidney contained less than 25% immature hematopoietic tissue in 3 of 22 cases (14%). 25-50% immature hematopoietic tissue in 7 of 22 cases (32%), and greater than 50% immature hematopoietic tissue in 12 of 22 cases (54%). The trunk kidney contained less than 25% immature hematopoietic tissue in 5 of 27 cases (18%), 25-50% immature hematopoietic tissue in 15 of 27 cases (56%), and greater than 50% immature hematopoietic tissue in 7 of 27 cases (26%). The histopathologic findings noted in cases of CCA from Mississippi affect primarily the hematopietic tissues of the head and trunk kidneys.     

9个香蕉栽培品种在广西的引种试验初报

为进一步调整和优化广西的香蕉品种结构,筛选出适宜广西栽培的具有优异性状的香蕉新品种。从广东省引进9个香蕉栽培品种,并与广西主栽品种威廉斯进行比较试验,分析其生物学特性、主要农艺性状、产量和果实品质等指标。结果表明:9个引进品种的综合表现均有各自的优异特性,其中W3假茎高达271.67 cm,单株产量略高于对照威廉斯,果实品质表现最佳;W14假茎最矮,生育期比对照早24 d,果实品质好,但单株产量低于对照4.82 kg;W2、W4、W8和W12产量高,果形好,果指长,色泽光亮;W7、W9和W10风味或口感均比对照好。引进的9个香蕉栽培品种在田间的初步表现良好,具有优于当地品种的特异性状或与对照品种性状相当,值得进一步在广西示范推广。     

应用TaqMan real-time PCR研究BSV在带毒香蕉组培苗中传递

由香蕉线条病毒(Banana streak virus,BSV)引起的香蕉线条病,严重影响了香蕉产量及种质资源交流。本研究根据BSV ORF Ⅲ基因保守序列设计引物和探针,建立了BSV的实时荧光定量PCR检测方法。该法检测BSV时,与黄瓜花叶病毒(Cucumber mosaic virus,CMV)和香蕉束顶病毒(Banana bunchy top virus,BBTV)无交叉反应;不论是检测质粒DNA还是香蕉病株总DNA,其灵敏度都比普通PCR高,检测质粒DNA的灵敏度比普通PCR高100倍,检测香蕉病株总DNA的灵敏度比普通PCR高10倍,且具有良好的重复性。利用建立的实时荧光定量PCR方法检测我国主栽的不同香蕉品种‘大蕉’、‘粉蕉’和‘粤优抗一号’香蕉组培苗中BSV的浓度,发现不同品种BSV传递规律不同。‘大蕉’第3代、第9代组培分化芽中BSV含量较原代显著减少;‘粉蕉’中BSV含量随继代数增加表现为先增加后减少;‘粤优抗一号’中BSV含量随继代数增加呈增加趋势。BSV在‘粉蕉’、‘大蕉’和‘粤优抗一号’第10代到第12代组培苗中以顶部第1片或(及)第2片叶中含量最高。直接结合PCR分析初步表明不同品种在原代和组培至第12代,其植株中的BSV均为游离状态。本文通过对带毒香蕉组培苗中BSV的含量监测,明确了BSV在不同品种带毒香蕉组培苗中的传递和分布规律,为研究BSV与寄主互作及BSV检测提供了理论依据。