The positive relationship between soil quality and crop production: A case study on the effect of farm compost application

In order to ensure sustainable agriculture, and for evaluating the effects of management practices on soil processes, tools for assessing soil quality are required. The development and use of a multiparameter index, which includes a wide range of soil properties, have been tested and found useful by several studies. However, soil quality measurements are ‘stand-alone’ tools unless they are either linked to important soil functions, used to characterize (agro)ecosystems or used to predict sustainability or productivity. In our study, the relationship between crop production and soil quality was assessed in a six year old field experiment studying the effect of farm compost (FC) amendment in a crop rotation of potato, fodder beet, forage maize and Brussels sprouts. To justify the hypothesis that repeated FC amendment results in both improved soil quality and consequently higher crop yields, a wide range of chemical, biological and physical soil properties were measured and integrated into a soil quality index (SQI). Next, crop yields were used as a functional goal to verify the causal relationship between SQI and crop production. Our results showed that there were significant changes in chemical, physical and biological soil quality as a result of repeated FC amendment. This was evidenced for example by a remarkable increase in both soil organic carbon (SOC) and total N content. Microbial biomass, the relative amount of bacterivorous nematodes and earthworm number were significantly increased as well and, together with SOC and total N, indicated as the dominant factors in assessing soil quality. The integration of these key indicators into the SQI revealed higher SQI values when FC was applied. In addition, crop yields were increased in all FC treated plots by which SOC was pointed out as the most important indicator influencing crop production. Finally, a causal relationship was observed between soil quality and the yield of potato and fodder beet. We conclude that our SQI may be a promising and useful tool to compare different (soil) management practices in relation to a strategic, regional goal, e.g., sustainable high yields. Before generalizing, we recommend a thorough validation of our SQI in other long-term field experiments.     

以玉米芯为碳源和生物膜载体的反硝化反应器启动性能研究

通过小试试验,研究了以玉米芯为反硝化碳源和生物膜载体的生物反应器在启动阶段对污水中COD及硝酸盐的去除效果。结果表明,在模拟废水COD100 mg/L、NO3--N40 mg/L,pH值6.5～7.5条件下,13 d挂膜后间歇处理后的废水COD可降至30 mg/L,18 d挂膜后废水NO3--N降至2 mg/L以下。     

低能氮离子束注入马齿苋的生物学效应研究

对马齿苋种子进行了低能氮离子束注入处理并对其生物学效应进行了初步研究。研究结果表明,在一定剂量范围内通过离子注入提高了种子的萌发速率、发芽率,其中以剂量为1.5×1017N+/cm2的处理所表现的效应最显著。处理后的马齿苋植株的成活率明显高于对照,成活率曲线随剂量的增加呈先上升后下降再上升的“马鞍型”曲线。低能N+注入后,对幼苗的致死率也有所降低。由此可见,一定剂量范围内的低能N+　注入会提高马齿苋种子的发芽率和成活率。     

蓝靛果忍冬开花结实生物学特性研究

[目的]研究不同居群蓝靛果忍冬的开花结实生物学特性,为提高栽培效益及开展杂交育种研究工作提供科学依据.[方法]对海林、麻花沟和勃利等3个居群蓝靛果忍冬的开花习性和结果习性进行了研究.[结果]蓝靛果忍冬花与果实形态在不同居群间变异较大,花与果实的大小并不成正比;3个居群的花期相差2～3d.3个居群蓝靛果忍冬的纵径、横径发育动态基本相同,基本呈现缓慢—快速—缓慢3个阶段,纵径、横径的生长快速期并不一致,纵径的生长较横径提前进入生长快速期,海林与麻花沟居群的果形指数变化趋势相似,与勃利居群区别明显.[结论]不同居群的蓝靛果忍冬由于生长环境不同,导致各生态适应性不同.     

海洋底边界层动物

底边界层动物是生活在海洋底边界层中的特定生物类群,通常包括超底栖动物和浮游动物两大类。底边界层动物的生态学意义表现在,它们是海洋食物链的重要组成部分,是水层系统底栖系统耦合过程的重要环节,是陆架海的碳垂直通量的重要影响因子。底边界层动物的采样装置主要包括滑橇式和陷阱式两种类型。     

Marketing mix for the promotion of biological control among small-scale paddy farmers

Understanding farmers’ decision process on the adoption of biological control (BC) may help in promoting adoption. This study explored for the first time the impact of marketing mix elements (product, price, promotion, and place) on bolstering BC for the management of rice stem borer (Chilo suppressalis Walker) among rice farmers in Fuman County in northern Iran. Farmers using BC were familiar with this method primarily via village councils and rural municipality organizations (Dehyaris) and then via distributors of trichocards. Almost half of the farmers (48.3%) had weak to moderate level of contact with distributors of trichocards. All four elements (4Ps) of marketing mix (product, place, price, and promotion) were effective on the marketing of BC agents. Place (distribution) mix, followed by price mix, were the most important factors in marketing trichocards in farmers’ views. According to the sensitivity to 4Ps of marketing mix, most farmers were grouped as semi-sensitive (45.6%) and sensitive (39.4%). Overall, the availability of biological agent products in the market, the affordable price of the products, and the strong relationship of rural people with village councils and rural municipality organizations (Dehyaris) are crucial factors for BC promotion in paddy fields of Fuman.     

冬虫夏草的研究概况

冬虫夏草是一种十分重要的药用真菌，具有广阔的开发前景。本文介绍了冬虫夏草的生物学习性、化学成分、药理作用及人工培育现状，并展望了冬虫夏草研究的前提。     

肝色牛排菌生物学特性研究

ＺＭＥ１３０１号肝色牛排菌是在浙南山区新发现的野生资源菌，本文从形态特征及温度、水分、ｐＨ、光照等因子与菌丝生长和子实体形成发育的关系方面进行了研究，结果表明、菌丝生长的最适温度为２５℃，最适ｐＨ为４．０￣４．５，光是子实体在朱基形成，分化发育不可缺少的条件之一，这为肝色牛排菌的人工培养，开发利用提供了科学依据。     

鳜脑组织细胞系的建立及其病毒敏感性研究

鱼类细胞是开展鱼类病毒分离鉴定、功能基因分析以及生物制品制备等研究的重要物质基础。鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)是深受养殖者和消费者欢迎的养殖品种。随着鳜鱼养殖产量的逐年增加,其病害问题尤其是病毒病问题也日趋严重,但是,可用于鳜鱼病毒分离和基因功能分析的鳜细胞系缺乏。本研究采用组织块消化法,对来源鳜脑组织的细胞进行原代培养,建立了鳜脑组织细胞系,命名为MFB。MFB细胞在28℃含10%胎牛血清的L-15中已稳定传代超过70次,第25代鳜脑组织细胞的染色体众数为56。采用免疫荧光细胞化学技术(β-tubulin和Neu-N)鉴定MFB细胞的神经元纯度,结果显示,培养的MFB细胞为神经元类细胞。病毒敏感性实验结果显示,鳜蛙虹彩病毒(MFRaIV)、大口黑鲈蛙虹彩病毒(LMBRaIV)和大鲵虹彩病毒(GSIV)均可在MFB细胞中产生典型细胞病变效应,病毒滴度分别为108.68±0.12、108.36±0.15、1010.15±1.85 TCID50/mL。使用脂质体Lipofectamine®2000将pEGFP-N1转入MFB细胞,转染效率可达20%。本研究建立的鳜脑组织细胞系不仅对多种蛙虹彩病毒敏感,而且转染质粒效率较高,为鳜病毒性病原的分离及基因功能研究奠定了前期基础。     

超临界甲醇法制备生物柴油的研究进展

介绍了超临界甲醇法制备生物柴油的反应机理及其工艺的研究进展,着重阐述了反应温度、醇油比、水和游离脂肪酸、共溶剂及催化剂等因素对超临界甲醇法制备生物柴油的影响。