肿柄菊茎叶提取物除草活性的研究

采用培养皿滤纸法,以水田稗（Echinochloa oryzoides）、玉米（Zea mays）、黄瓜（Cucumis sativus）和鳢肠（Eclipta prostrata）为供体植物,测定肿柄菊（Tithonia diversifolia）茎叶水提液的除草活性;以水田稗为供体植物,测定肿柄菊茎叶乙醇提取物的不同溶剂萃取物的除草活性。结果显示,肿柄菊茎叶水提液浓度为0.1 g/mL时,对水田稗和玉米种子萌发具有显著抑制作用,抑制率分别达92％和72％;对黄瓜和鳢肠种子萌发抑制率低。肿柄菊茎叶水提     

Feeding disruption tests for monitoring the frequency of larval lepidopteran resistance to Cry1Ac, Cry1F and Cry1Ab

An alternative to traditional larval lepidopteran resistance-monitoring bioassays was developed. Feeding disruption tests were developed for detecting insects resistant to three Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins: Cry1Ac, Cry1F and Cry1Ab. The assays rely on a diagnostic dose of Bt toxin in 100-μl hydratable meal pads of artificial diet containing blue indicator dye. The assay was formatted as a portable (palm-sized) plastic plate containing an array of 16 test wells, each containing a single hydratable meal pad with one insect added per well. The diagnostic dose was the concentration of Bt in meal pad rehydration solution that reduced 24 h dyed fecal production of Bt-susceptible neonates to ≤2 fecal pellets per larva. Bt-resistant neonates were able to consume the diagnostic dose of the insecticidal protein and produce >2 blue fecal pellets. The feces were distinctly visible on the white background of the feeding disruption test plate. Diagnostic doses were determined with lab-strain Bt-susceptible Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea. For H. virescens, the diagnostic doses were 10, 20 and 15 μg/ml for Cry1Ac, Cry1F and Cry1Ab, respectively. For H. zea, the diagnostic doses were 40, 200 and 500 μg/ml, respectively. The assays were validated against a lab-strain of Bt-resistant H. virescens and with susceptible larval H. virescens collected as eggs from field-grown tobacco in North Carolina.     

戊炔草胺室内毒力测定

采用室内生物测定法,测定了戊炔草胺对杂草和草坪草的毒力。结果表明:播后苗前,用50％戊炔草胺可湿性粉剂344．7-849．2 g／hm2喷洒土壤,对马唐、牛筋草、稗、雀麦和反枝苋的鲜重抑制率达90％以上;苗后早期用药,对草坪的安全性明显好于播后苗前用药,对白三叶的安全性高于黑麦草、高羊茅、剪股颖和早熟禾。     

棉铃虫对Bt杀虫蛋白抗性测定方法的研究

对饲料混合法 ,体重抑制率法 ,浸叶接虫法进行比较研究 ,结果表明 ,饲料混合法比较稳定 ,比较适宜作为抗性测定的方法。用饲料混合法测定比较不同龄期幼虫的测定结果 ,确定 2龄作供试幼虫为宜。比较不同处理天数下的生测结果 ,确定 Bt粉剂对 2龄幼虫的适宜处理时间为 5d,Cry1Ac为 14d。用改进稀饲料隔离饲养供试幼虫的方法后 ,得到理想的生测数据 ,生测时间延长到 14d,对照死亡率也能控制在 2 0 %以下。从我们 1998年对棉铃虫的抗性监测结果说明 ,尽管田间棉铃虫对 Bt ICP未达抗性水平 ,但对 Cry1Ac型蛋白敏感性已有降低 ,值得引起重视。     

我国不同森林立地带Bt分离株杀虫晶体蛋白及基因分析

利用苏云金芽孢杆菌cry基因的PCR RFLP鉴定体系和SDS PAGE方法分析了来自我国不同森林立地带土壤中的 72株苏云金芽孢杆菌的cry1、cry2、cry3、cry4、cry5、cry8、cry9、cry10、cry11、cry1I等 10类基因类型和表达蛋白 ,并进行了杀虫活性的生物测定。研究表明 :同时含有cry1,cry2 ,cry1I 3类基因的有 2 1株菌 ,6株菌含有cry1,cry2类基因 ,4株菌含有cry1和cry1I类基因 ,只含有cry1基因的有 1株 ,cry2类基因的 4株 ,36株菌不含所鉴定的 10类cry基因。同时证明 ,绝大多数含有cry1基因的菌株表达了 130kDa蛋白 ,含有cry2基因的菌株表达了 6 0kDa蛋白。生物活性测定表明 ,共同含有cry1Aa、cry1Ac和cry2基因的菌株对棉铃虫幼虫具有较强的杀虫活性 ,只含有单一基因和不含上述基因的菌株杀虫活性较弱。     

外来入侵种春一年蓬化感作用及其粗提物的GC-MS分析

测定了上海地区广泛分布的外来入侵植物春一年蓬（Erigeron philadelphicus）地上部分水提液、地下部分水提液、地上部分乙醇提液对油菜、白菜、番茄、黄瓜的化感作用;采用索氏提取法提取春一年蓬地上和地下部分粗提物,并进行气一质联用分析。结果表明：（1）不同提取方式下的春一年蓬浸提液对作物种子的最终萌发率和幼根生长有显著抑制作用,随着溶液浓度的升高抑制作用增强;（2）不同提取方式下的浸提液对幼苗生长的影响表现为低促高抑的双重效应;（3）春一年蓬地上部分和地下部分粗提物经GC-MS分析,鉴定出28种化合物．其中酸、酮、酯、萜类是其主要化感成分。     

不同国家松材线虫体表携带优势细菌种类及其毒性

收集了来源于美国、日本和中国的松材线虫虫株,分离了各虫株体表携带的细菌,确定了优势菌并进行鉴定,并用细菌培养的无细胞滤液对无菌黑松和马尾松切根苗进行了生物测定,以了解各细菌菌株对松苗的毒性.结果表明:所有虫株均携带明显的优势菌.经Biolog细菌自动鉴定系统和16S rDNA 序列分析鉴定表明,美国线虫虫株上分离的优势...     

核桃枝叶水溶物的化感作用研究

通过核桃枝叶水溶物对种子萌发和幼苗插条生长的研究结果表明,核桃枝叶水溶物对绿豆种子的萌发具有抑制作用,且核桃叶的化感作用强于核桃枝条的化感作用,处理间对种子萌发的影响是随着浓度的增大抑制作用增强。不同浓度核桃枝的水溶物对黄瓜幼苗插条增高和最长根长度的化感抑制作用随浓度增大而增强,对发根量的化感抑制作用则相反。     

Inhibition of embryo development of the Mytilus galloprovincialis marine mussel by organic pollutants; assessment of risk for its extensive culture in the Galician Rias

This study evaluates the risk posed by selected organic pollutants on the culture of the marine mussel in the Galician coast (NW Iberian Peninsula), which depends on collection of natural seed in densely populated coastal areas. With this aim toxicity tests were carried out with embryos of the Mytilus galloprovincialis mussel, and the toxicity of the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and the biocides TBT, chlorpyrifos and lindane was quantified in terms of median effective concentration (EC₅₀) and toxicity threshold (EC₁₀ and LOEC), using embryogenesis success as end point. The EC₁₀ and EC₅₀ values were 161 and 377 ng/L for TBT, 79 and 154 µg/L for chlorpyrifos, 495 and 2353 µg/L for SDS, 1.41 and 1.99 mg/L for lindane. Toxicity thresholds for mussel embryos from this study and crustacean larvae from the literature were compared to environmental concentrations in coastal waters, either directly measured or estimated from mussel bioaccumulation data, in an attempt to evaluate the risk posed by those pollutants to these commercial species. It was concluded that SDS and, especially, chlorpyrifos and lindane, do not pose a threat to these commercial resources. In contrast, TBT risk quotients derived either from actual seawater measurements or mussel bioaccumulation data were both unacceptably high. TBT pollution represents thus a potential threat to natural availability of spat, the basis of extensive mussel culture. At the light of the data presented, current TBT seawater quality criterion seems underprotective and it should be revised.     

白僵菌产品生测指示昆虫的研究

对白僵菌产品的毒力生物测定结果表明：玉米螟、大蜡螟、柞蚕、黄粉虫、小菜蛾、棉龄虫对球孢白僵菌产品不敏感，感染期长，部分供测昆虫在感染期化蛹，结果无法统计。致乏库蚊和白蚊伊蚊对白僵菌敏感，白蚊伊蚊的ＬＣ５０值分别为８．８３、７．０６、８．８ｍｇ／ｍｌ，致乏库蚊的ＬＣ５０分别为２０、２９、３１ｍｇ／ｍｌ，白蚊伊蚊ＬＣ５０的变异系数小于０．２，致乏库蚊的ＬＣ５０的变异系数大于０．２，白蚊伊蚊幼虫可作为白僵菌产品的生测指示昆虫