An evaluation of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) testes meal in diets for pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei): effect on palatability,digestibility and growth performance

This study compared the nutritional profiles of menhaden fishmeal and pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) testes meal and investigated the nutritional values of the testes meal based on its effect on palatability, digestibility and growth performance of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). The testes meal replaced 0–91% of fishmeal protein in a control diet containing 150 g kg⁻¹ fishmeal. Replacement of 69% of the fishmeal protein in the control diet significantly increased feed intake of shrimp from 0.61% to 1.10%. The apparent digestibility coefficient of dietary protein increased significantly when 91% of the fishmeal protein was replaced by the testes meal. Replacement of dietary fishmeal protein with up to 46% testes meal protein did not cause adverse effects on growth rate or nutritional composition of tail muscle. However, growth rate was significantly decreased in shrimp fed diets in which 69% or 91% of fishmeal protein was replaced by the testes meal. Results of this study indicate that the testes meal can be used as a feed additive to enhance the palatability and protein digestibility of low fishmeal diets for shrimp. It can replace up to 46% of fishmeal protein without any adverse effect on the growth performance of shrimp.     

低量施肥对高燕麦草草地植被及绵羊择食行为的影响

于１９９５年８～１１月在新西兰ＴａｒａＨｉｌｓ山地草地试验站进行草地施肥和放牧研究。结果表明，在所有小区的施肥区域，绵羊的分布比例都显著多于非施肥区域（Ｐ＜０．００５）。通过复相关分析，发现这种分布由于施肥量、建群植物、观测日期和观测时间的不同而略有差异，而这又与施肥促进豆科牧草的生长（主要是兔足三叶草Ｔｒｉｆｏｌｉｕｍａｒｖｅｎｓｅ）、提高高燕麦草的适口性、提高草群的含水量等有直接关系。     

First in vivo assessment of feeding value of Festulolium hybrids derived from Festuca arundinacea var. glaucescens and selection for palatability

This paper reports on the first results of feeding value experiments, assessed with sheep, of hybrids between tetraploid Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum, 2n = 4×= 28) and a progenitor of tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea var. glaucescens (2n = 4×= 28). Three hybrid populations resulting from either high, low or no selection for palatability were compared with a variety of Italian ryegrass as control and two varieties of the cultivated hexaploid (2n = 6×= 42) tall fescue, one of which had been selected for high palatability. On average, the hybrid populations were found to be as palatable as the improved tall fescue with voluntary intake (VI), in vivo digestibility of organic matter (DOM), and net energy expressed in fodder units for milk, similar to the best palatable tall fescue and to Italian ryegrass. However, selection for improved palatability among hybrids did not result in any further improvement of other traits, except VI in the hybrid selected for high palatability which significantly exceeded VI of Italian ryegrass. In conclusion, intergeneric hybridization between L. multiflorum and F. arundinacea var. glaucescens led to an immediate increase of feeding value compared with selection for palatability in tall fescue. However, to improve feeding value of hybrids further, similar selection for high palatability appeared questionable and possibly detrimental for other agronomic traits because of complicated inheritance in tetraploid L. multiflorum×F. glaucescens hybrids.     

水稻产量、蛋白质及食味特性的关联研究

为了研究水稻产量、品质及其各构成要素之间具有关联性。结合区域试验和生产试验,测定了总蛋白及醇溶蛋白,对不同品种进行了食味品尝和测定。结果表明,36个水稻品种的产量水平不同,分为高产品种和普通品种。优质食味品种分为不同类型,其食味水平主要受直链淀粉和蛋白质的影响。蛋白质含量高、醇溶蛋白含量高显著地影响稻米食味。‘越光’、‘稻花香2号’是目前典型的优质食味品种,近年来市场上也出现了一些优质食味品种新类型。关联分析表明,优质食味品种产量较高,直链淀粉含量低,蛋白质含量低。     

啤酒大麦垄畦沟灌节水配套技术研究

采用正交设计,对啤酒大麦在“垄畦沟灌“种植条件下的次灌溉量、灌溉次数、品种、播种量4个可控因子对产量影响进行了试验研究,结果表明,参试4个因子对产量影响作用次序为灌溉次数、次灌溉量、播种量、品种.确定了高产最优因素位级为:次灌溉量1200m3/hm2,生育期灌4次水,选用分蘖成穗率高的多穗型品种(8812)或分蘖力弱的大穗型品种(中品B98-7),播种量150 kg/hm2.并以产量为目标函数,建立了参试4因子对产量影响的、可用于预报的回归数学模型,在此基础上,提出了单产≥6000kg/hm2各不同产量段优化农艺措施组合方案,可以提供生产示范印证.     

稻米蒸煮食味品质的评价指标与影响因素

从定量指标和相对指标两方面简要介绍了评价稻米蒸煮食昧品质的实用指标,并从水稻品种的血统和熟期、产地的土壤和水质、选用肥料的品种和用量、收获时期和方法四方面重点分析了影响稻米蒸煮食昧品质的主要因素,旨在为发展名牌稻米生产提供有益资料。     

云南山区冷浸田水稻盖膜湿润栽培的研究

 山区冷浸田水稻盖膜湿润栽培,增加了株行间的光照及温度,有利于土壤微生物活动和物理性状的改善,使土壤中空气含量有所提高,从而促进了植株的根系发育和分蘖发生成长。特别使抽穗扬花期的温度增加,大大提高了水稻结实率。本试验注重选用良种,使产量增加极显著,充分显示了山区冷浸田水稻盖膜湿润栽培的优势和经济效益。     

Comparison of feeding systems: feed cost,palatability and environmental impact among hay‐fattened beef,consistent grass‐only‐fed beef and conventional marbled beef in Wagyu (Japanese Black cattle)

The objective of this article is to compare feed cost, palatability and environmental impacts among feeding systems of high concentrate (HC), high hay (HH) and grass‐only‐fed (Gof) groups. Feed cost was the sum of costs paid for feed intake times the price of feed per kilogram. Palatability was measured by a panel taste test using HH and Gof beef and analyzed for differences. Environmental impacts were calculated based on 1 kg of Japanese beef yield of CO₂ equivalents (eq) and animal end weights at each feeding stage. Results showed that the HH and Gof feeding systems could significantly reduce feed costs by approximately 60% and 78%, respectively, from the HC. In the panel taste test, 50% and 47.50% of panelists indicated that HH beef was ‘extremely delicious’ and ‘acceptable,’ respectively, while 15% indicated that Gof beef was ‘extremely delicious’; 62.50% indicated that Gof beef was ‘acceptable.’ Environmental impacts of each feeding system in terms of CO₂ equivalents (eq) were 9.32, 6.10 and 2.04 tonnes of eq for the HC, HH and Gof, respectively. The HH was an economical system that produced moderate impacts on the environment and had impressive taste.     

A survey of grazed and ungrazed grassland in the south‐eastern Transvaal highveld 1. Palatability composition and grazing capacity

The floristic composition of selected veld communities which by virtue of their location were ungrazed, but regularly burned, and which were judged to reflect potential floristic composition, was measured at 112 sites in the southeastern Transvaal highveld. At each site the composition of the adjacent grazed veld was also determined. Species were classified as palatable, intermediate or unpalatable and the percentages of these components were calculated for each of the 224 stands. By using previously established weighting values, namely, 3; 2 and 1 for the three components, a weighted palatability composition (WPC) value was derived for each community. Changes in the proportions of the palatability classes along the WPC gradient, as well as the frequency distributions of WPC values and grazing capacity on grazed and ungrazed stands, are presented.     

小米食昧(适口性)评价方法研究

常规化学分析测试方法和百分制感观评定方法是目前小米进行适口性评价的二种主要方法.笔者以小米的色泽、芳香、味道、粘性、回生以及综合评价等六项感观性状为评定指标,设3、2、1、0、-1、-2、-3共7个评判值,以统一对照(晋谷21号)为参照,对参评品种的评判平均数进行T测验统计评价分析.评价分析结果:长农35号食味值为1.389,长农39号食味值为1.000,两个品种品尝食味值高,与晋谷21号达到95%水平上的显著差异,是适口性好的优质小米品种.该分析结果与前二种方法基本一致,分析方法方便科学,可以作为一种新的小米适口性评价方法.