大气CO_2浓度升高对粳稻稻米物性及食味品质的影响

在2009和2010年利用独特的稻/麦轮作系统FACE（Free Air CO2 Enrichment,开放式空气CO2浓度增高）平台,以武运粳21、扬辐粳8号、武香粳14和武粳15为供试材料,研究了高浓度CO（2比大气背景CO2浓度高200 μmol·mol-1）对粳稻蒸煮米的硬度、粘性、香气、光泽、完整性、味道和口感等的影响。物性分析仪测定结果表明,高浓度CO2环境下粳稻熟米的硬度和粘性总体呈增加趋势,其中扬辐粳8号两指标的增幅均达显著水平。食味计测定结果显示,高浓度CO2对蒸煮稻米香气、光泽度、完整性、味道和口感等食味品质指标均没有影响。相关分析表明,CO2与品种的互作对米饭硬度和粘性有显著影响,但对食味品质参数均没有影响。CO2与年度、CO2与年度和品种间的互作对所有测定参数均无显著影响。两年数据一致表明,未来高浓度CO2环境下粳稻蒸煮米的硬度和粘性将呈增加趋势,增幅因品种而异,但米饭食味品质无显著变化。     

Factors affecting grazing preference by sheep in a breeding population of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)

A disadvantage of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is its low voluntary intake, resulting in suboptimal performance under grazing. Ideally, selection for this trait is done using grazing animals, but their use in plant breeding programmes is costly and laborious. Repeatable, stable and quantifiable traits linked to animal preference could ease tall fescue breeding. We established a trial to find relationships between the grazing preference of sheep and sward‐ and plant‐related traits. Seventeen genotypes were studied in swards. Sheep grazing preference, pre‐grazing sward height (SH), leaf softness, leaf blade length, width, colour and shear strength, and concentration of fibre, silica, digestible organic matter (DOM) and water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) were quantified throughout the growing season. The traits with the strongest correlation with sheep preference were DOM, SH, leaf colour, leaf width and WSC. Leaf softness, silica content and leaf shear strength were not correlated with sheep preference. We conclude that DOM is the trait that offers the best prospects for contributing to progress in tall fescue plant breeding for both intake and feeding value.     

Preliminary evaluation of potential fodder quality in a range of Leucaena species

Twenty-two taxa and five interspecific hybrids of Leucaena, grown together on a site in Houduras, were evaluated in terms of their potential value as tropical fodder crops. Content of crude protein, organic matter, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, total tannin and condensed tannin (proanthocyanidin), as well as in vitro digestibility, were estimated in dried leaf samples, and the accessions ranked according to each of these criteria. The relative palatability of thirteen of the taxa and two of the hybrids was also assessed in a 'cafeteria' trial using fresh leaf material fed to sheep over an 18 day period. Protein, digestibility and palatability estimates, together with previously published yield data, were used to construct three indices of fodder potential, to allow direct comparisons between taxa. The most promising taxa according to these criteria included L. shannonii subsp. shannonii, L. collinsii subsp. zacapana and L. multicapitula, all of which achieved higher scores than the much better-known L. leucocephala subsp. glabrata in the index derived from crude protein and digestibility. When yield and palatability were included in the indices, the very high palatability of L. leucocephala gave it the highest score overall. The most unpromising taxa included L. pulverulenta, L. trichandra, L. esculenta (subsp. esculenta and subsp. matudae), and L. greggii. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

饲用红麻产量及品质研究初报

为了筛选适于我国南方栽培的饲用红麻品种，在闽南地区对8个饲用红麻品种进行产量、品质、适口性等方面研究。结果表明，供试饲用红麻品种1号和6号综合表现较好，其鲜茎叶产量分别达25、4t／hm^2和23．6t／hm^2；粗蛋白含量分别达19．42％和22．84％；鲜茎叶饲喂肉牛适口性一般，青贮后外观品质属中等偏上青贮料，饲喂肉牛适口性好。     

Water Management for Improvement of Rice Yield,Appearance Quality and Palatability with High Temperature During Ripening Period

To clarify the optimal water management in large-scale fields under high temperatures at the ripening period, effective water managements during this period for improvement of yield, appearance quality and palatability were investigated. Compared with intermittent irrigation and flooded irrigation, the soil temperature with saturated irrigation remained low throughout the day, and the decrease rate of the bleeding rate of hills was the lowest. These results suggested that the saturated irrigation maintained root activity. For the three irrigation types, the number of spikelets per m² and 1000-grain weight were similar, however, saturated irrigation resulted in significantly higher rice yield due to improvement in the percentage of ripened grains. The saturated irrigation produced a high percentage of perfect rice grains and thicker brown rice grain, furthermore, the palatability of cooked rice was excellent because protein content and hardness/adhesion ratio were both low. Thus, under high-temperature ripening conditions, soil temperature was lowered and root activity was maintained when applying saturated irrigation after heading time. The results indicated that saturated irrigation is an effective countermeasure against high-temperature ripening damage.     

Evaluation of the grazing potential of grass species in Tarchonanthus veld of the northern cape 1

Abstract

The grazing value of the seven most prominent grass species in Tarchonanthus‐limeveld was investigated from 1977 to 1981.

The frequency of utilization of Chrysopogon serrulatus was exceptionally high (93%), while Sporobolus fimbriatus, Themeda triandra and Digitaria seriata were intermediate (50–60%) followed by Cymbopogon plurinodis (34%). Eragrotis lehmanniana and Fingerhuthia africana were poorly grazed (12 to 16%). The utilization of species was influenced by stocking rate. Statistical differences between species indicated a relatively high biomass production (600 to 740 g DM/m² per year) for E. lehmanniana, C. plurinodis and T. triandra, while F. africana, S. fimbriatus and D. seriata were intermediate (320 to 420 g DM/m² per year). E. lehmanniana, C. plurinodis and T. triandra produced the highest above‐ground phytomass, but had a lower crude protein content (2,9 to 7,4%) and digestibility (46,1 to 61,3%) than the other four species (3,8 to 9,7% crude protein and 50,5 to 68,4% digestibility).     

水稻检测仪器的开发与利用

在日本,食味作为衡量稻米品质的一项重要指标,对其研究越来越深入。为了更好地判定稻米品质,日本佐竹公司建立了系统的大米食味评价系统,运用其开发的食味检测仪器,结合科学的分析方法,对不同用途大米进行食味评价,取得了较好的研究进展。     

Effects of genetic and environmental factors on muscle glycogen content in Japanese Black cattle

Monosaccharides such as glucose contribute to the development of meat flavor upon heating via the Maillard reaction; therefore, monosaccharide content is related to beef palatability. Here, we analyzed the effects of genetic and environmental factors on the content of glycogen, one of the precursors of monosaccharides, in the muscles of 958 fattened Japanese Black cattle from Yamagata Prefecture. Analysis of variance showed that muscle glycogen content was affected by the farm and postmortem periods, but not by sex, slaughter age, slaughter month or number of days detained at the slaughter yard. Additionally, consumption of digestible brown rice feed elevated muscle glycogen levels. Glycogen heritability was estimated to be 0.34, and genetic correlations between glycogen and carcass weight (CW) or beef marbling standard (BMS) were weak. The predicted breeding values varied among paternal lines. These results demonstrated that genetic factors might improve muscle glycogen content and therefore beef palatability, but do not influence CW or BMS.     

低直链淀粉含量晚粳稻选育及食味品尝结果分析

长江中下游地区城乡居民生活水平日益提高,对稻米口味提出了新要求。笔者就此从品种食味品质方面做了一些探索性尝试。通过选用晚粳品种嘉33与直链淀粉含量较低的美国光叶稻Rico No.1改良后代嘉06-64、WP177与晚粳光身稻品系DC92配制2个组合,在后代中定向选育直链淀粉含量较低的品系,结合食味品尝,择优汰劣,育成嘉58、嘉66等直链淀粉含量较低(10%左右)且适口性好的新品系。经杭州市推荐,嘉58进入2011年浙江省单季晚粳稻区试,2012年生产试验与区试续试同步进行,2013年通过浙江省农作物新品种审定(审定编号:浙审稻2013011),并申请植物新品种保护。2010-2013年各地示范试种1 000多hm2,因食味好、产量高,深受长江中下游地区生产者和消费者的喜爱。     

中日泰优质稻米的外观及食味差异性研究

选用中国、日本和泰国有代表性的6个主栽水稻品种,对其稻米外观、食味特性值和品尝评价值进行了分析,结果显示:3个国家的稻米品种间在外观、蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量和淀粉糊化特性方面均存在显著差异;蛋白质含量和淀粉糊化特性值间不存在显著的相关关系,而直链淀粉含量和最高粘度、最低粘度以及最终粘度间呈现出显著负相关,但与崩解值以及消减值间的相关性并不显著;食味品尝评价方面,中、日、泰3国稻米除硬度外,米饭的外观、香气、味道、粘度和综合评价值均存在显著差异。日本"越光"稻米品质综合评价为最优,中国"稻花香"、"隆粳香1号"和"津川1号"稻米品质其次,而中国"津原45"及泰国"Hom Mali105"稻米品质处于第三档次。对中日泰代表性稻米品质的综合评价为水稻品质育种及稻米加工产业的发展提供了有益参考。