长江下游地区部分优质粳稻品种与越光稻米支链淀粉结构特征及品质性状比较

为探讨具有优异食味品质的日本粳稻品种越光与中国长江下游地区食味品质好的水稻品种稻米的支链淀粉链长分布和主要品质特征差异,以期为中国优质水稻育种提供理论依据,选用长江下游地区公认的食味品质好的5个粳型水稻品种稻米和日本新泻地区生产的越光稻米为材料,分析支链淀粉链长分布、稻米RVA谱、直链淀粉含量、蛋白质含量、TOYO味度值等主要品质特性的差异及其相关性。越光的稻米支链淀粉链长分布和直链淀粉含量等主要品质指标与长江下游地区食味品质好的品种没有明显差异,支链淀粉长链部分(Fb3)和蛋白质含量显著低于长江下游地区食味品质好的品种,支链淀粉短/长链比(Fa/Fb3)显著高于长江下游地区食味品质好的品种。越光稻米中Mg、K含量以及淀粉谱特性中最高黏度、崩解值均显著高于长江下游地区食味品质好的品种。支链淀粉的短链部分(5≤DP≤12)所占比率与最高黏度值和崩解值呈显著正相关,Fa/Fb3与最高黏度和崩解值均呈显著正相关。由此认为,通过育种手段改善稻米的支链淀粉理化特性,并在栽培措施上通过降低氮肥施用量来降低稻米中蛋白质含量,是提高长江下游地区水稻品种食味品质的有效途径。     

小米食昧(适口性)评价方法研究

常规化学分析测试方法和百分制感观评定方法是目前小米进行适口性评价的二种主要方法.笔者以小米的色泽、芳香、味道、粘性、回生以及综合评价等六项感观性状为评定指标,设3、2、1、0、-1、-2、-3共7个评判值,以统一对照(晋谷21号)为参照,对参评品种的评判平均数进行T测验统计评价分析.评价分析结果:长农35号食味值为1.389,长农39号食味值为1.000,两个品种品尝食味值高,与晋谷21号达到95%水平上的显著差异,是适口性好的优质小米品种.该分析结果与前二种方法基本一致,分析方法方便科学,可以作为一种新的小米适口性评价方法.     

牛饲料用干玉米秸秆营养分布规律及适口性研究

为了更好推进秸秆资源开发利用,针对目前玉米秸秆作为饲料的研究现状,对干玉米秸秆的适口性和营养成分的分布规律进行了试验研究,分别测定了两种干玉米秸秆上、中、下三部分及叶片中粗蛋白,粗脂肪、粗纤维、还原糖、钙和磷的含量.结果表明:玉米秸秆果穗以上部分适口性和营养成分均好于下部秸秆,进而提出玉米秸秆用做饲料应优先选择果穗以上部分茎秆,果穗以下部分可以适当还田.为玉米收获及秸秆综合利用提供参考依据.     

Growth,feeding and thyroxine‐related responses of hybrid striped (sunshine) bass (Morone chrysops ♀ X M. saxatilis ♂) fed de‐oiled carinata (Brassica carinata) meal

De‐oiled (<10 g/kg oil) carinata (Brassica carinata) meal is high (>400 g/kg) in protein, but its use in fish diets will likely be limited mainly by glucosinolates (GLS), sinapine and crude fibre. Two feeding experiments were conducted to determine the response of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops ♀ X M. saxatilis ♂, HSB) to inclusion of cold‐pressed carinata meal (CPCM) in diets. Cook extrusion reduced an average of 44% and 57% of GLS and sinapine concentrations in diets, respectively. In experiment 1, diets containing 0.71–2.71 μmoles of GLS and 0.034–0.181 mg of sinapine/g did not significantly (p > .05) reduce feed consumption, utilization or growth, resulting in similar concentrations of thyroxines and consequently no effect on deiodinase enzymes. In experiment 2, there was a significantly reduced (p < .05) feed consumption in fish fed diets containing 5.58–9.52 μmoles of GLS and 0.54–0.75 mg of sinapine/g, resulting in HSB exhibiting lethargic swimming and feeding behaviours, and consequently poor feed utilization and growth. Cook extrusion reduced about half of GLS and sinapine, and HSB tolerated ≤2.71 μmoles of GLS and ≤0.31 mg of sinapine/g of diet without affecting feed consumption and utilization, growth and thyroid metabolism.     

科尔沁牛夏季牧食行为的研究

2002年夏季在内蒙古科左后旗的天然草场上,采用跟群放牧全日观察法,定量研究了自然放牧状态下成年科尔沁牛牧食行为。结果表明,科尔沁牛的平均采食时间为410.9±34.8min,反刍时间为4.2±8.2min,卧息时间为5.0±17.3min,站立时间为18.0±16.8min,游走时间为80.4±12.9min。平均采食量为8.10千克/头·天。选择采食性特征最明显的7、8月份进行的调查结果表明,放牧牛采食所涉及的牧草种类共有16种,其中7月份11种,8月份12种。     

山地夏季人工草场山羊放牧适口性研究

在福州北峰的夏季人工草场,通过划区轮牧试验对山羊的适口性进行了研究。试验结果表明,在对杂交狼尾草、甘薯、百喜草等7种牧草进行的适口性评价,甘薯对山羊的适口性最好,表现为嗜食;对杂交狼尾草表现为喜食;羽叶决明、南非马唐、俯仰马唐对山羊的适口性较差。同样,山羊对百喜草、印度豇豆等牧草的不同生育期,其适口性系数也发生变化。     

4种杀鼠剂对高原鼠兔适口性及防控效果

为了筛选适用于高寒草地鼠害及鼠荒地治理的高效、安全的控鼠药剂,本试验选用氟鼠灵(A1)、胆钙化醇(A2)、地芬诺酯·硫酸钡(A3)、D型肉毒梭菌毒素(A4)4种杀鼠剂,在若尔盖县高寒草地典型分布区域针对高原鼠兔Ochotona curzoniae进行适口性及种群密度控制效果试验研究.结果表明:氟鼠灵被采食的重量显著高于...     

Brewer's yeast and sugarcane yeast as protein sources for dogs

Brewer's yeast (BY), autolysed sugarcane yeast (ASCY) and integral sugar cane yeast (ISCY) were studied in two experiments as ingredients for dog diets. In the first experiment, 28 dogs were randomly assigned to four diets; one reference diet and three test diets containing 15% of BY, ASCY or ISCY and 85% of the reference diet (as‐fed basis). The digestibilities of the yeasts were calculated by the substitution method. In the second experiment, 35 dogs were randomized to five diets with similar chemical composition but different levels of sugarcane yeast inclusion (0%, 7.5% ASCY, 15% ASCY, 7.5% ISCY and 15% ISCY). In both experiments, the coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of nutrients was determined through total collection of faeces. During experiment, two additional analyses of food palatability, nitrogen balance and urea postprandial responses were performed. The data were submitted to analysis of variance, and the means were compared by orthogonal or polynomial contrasts or Tukey's test (p < 0.05). In experiment 1, CTTAD of protein was lower for both sugarcane yeasts than for BY (p = 0.012), as was metabolizable energy content (p = 0.025). In experiment 2, a linear reduction in energy digestibility with ASCY inclusion (p = 0.05) was verified. Furthermore, faecal score and DM content were reduced with ISCY inclusion (p < 0.003). No effect of yeast inclusion on nitrogen balance or postprandial urea response was found. Also, the inclusion of 7.5% of ASCY or ISCY increased diet palatability (p < 0.01). Yeasts present adequate digestibility by dogs, but its effect on faecal formation needs to be considered. No clear advantage for the use of ASCY over ISCY was found. In conclusion, we find that sugarcane yeast is suitable for inclusion in dog food and can enhance the overall palatability of the diet.     

全国优质粳稻优良食味品评情况报告

在全国范围内进行征集和初选,筛选出黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、天津、江苏、新疆、河北、山东等省、市、自治区20个优良粳稻品种入选参加食味品评。通过品评可以看到:许多品种均表现出良好的感官食味特性,有些甚至超过日本越光品种;在我国粳稻主产区,只要加强优质食味研究开发力度均能培育出优质食味品种;碾米品质、外观品质及理化指标在对食味影响中存在的相关性需进一步验证,从而建立一套食味品质研究评价体系,使此评价体系完全符合人们对食味的要求;食味研究是一项系统工程,与品种特性、栽培技术、产地、贮藏加工条件等均密不可分;我国有一大批优质食味品种有待于加大开发、宣传、推广力度,并作为优质食味米,高标准地打入国际市场;建立研究我国粳稻食味为主的学术专家组,制定研究目标和发展规划,切实把我国粳稻食味研究做大、做强,尽快提升我国粳稻食味品质的研究水平并赶超世界先进水平。     

武字号自交系在陕西省玉米育种中的应用及改良

武字号自交系配合力高、多抗性好 ,对陕西关中特定玉米生态条件适应性较好。以武字号自交系做选系牵头材料 ,改良武字号自交系的耐密植性及果穗性状。初步选育结果表明 :改良武字号新系 5 0 2 9配合力高 ,多抗性好 ,株型紧凑叶角小 ;用其测配、筛选出的强优势组合株型紧凑耐密植 ,抗病抗倒 ,在较高密度下穗大粒饱结实性好 ,适应性强 ,显示出较好开发前景。