Impact of sampling and storage technique,and duration of storage,on the composition of fresh grass when analysed using near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of sampling technique (pluck or cut), storage duration (immediate analysis, 24‐h or 48‐h), storage temperature (ambient or chilled) and storage conditions (air present, air excluded or breathable) on the composition of fresh grass sampled from a sward managed to simulate grazing. Treatments were repeated across four sampling dates, with grass samples stored in grip seal bags prior to analysis using near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Grass sampled by ‘pluck’ had a higher crude protein and ME content, and a lower acid detergent fibre (ADF) content, compared to that sampled by ‘cut’. Grass stored for 48 h had a lower water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and ME content and a higher ADF content than for immediate analysis. Samples stored for 24 h did not differ from immediate analysis. Grass stored at ambient temperature had a lower WSC and ME content compared to immediate analysis. Grass stored under ‘breathable’ conditions had a lower ME content and higher ADF content than immediate analysis or samples stored with air present or air excluded. It is recommended that grass for analysis should be sampled by cutting, stored chilled (4°C) in a sealed bag to minimize exposure to oxygen and analysed within 24 h of harvest.     

生草栽培方式对坡地果园氮磷流失的控制效果

采用径流小区法,研究自然生草和低、中、高不同施肥水平下人工生草的栽培方式对果园土壤流失量、径流量及氮磷面源污染的控制效果．结果表明：（1）自然生草和人工生草处理均可极显著降低果园径流总氮、可溶性总氮、氨态氮和硝态氮的含量及流失量,且自然生草与人工生草处理问的差异显著,而不同施肥水平下人工生草处理间的差异不显著;（2）自然生草和人工生草处理均可极显著降低果园径流总磷和可溶性磷的含量,不同施肥水平下人工生草处理均可极显著降低径流总磷和可溶性磷的流失量,且低、中、高肥处理间的差异不显著;（3）人工生草和自然生草处理的土壤流失量分别只有清耕处理（对照）的2．44％-2．96％和13．26％,均可极显著降低土壤流失量,人工生草处理的保土效果不同施肥水平间的差异不显著;（4）人工生草处理对于减少坡地果园的水土和养分流失有着显著或极显著的效果,人工生草和自然生草处理的全年径流量,土壤流失量,总氮、总磷含量分别为538．91m3·hm-1·a-1、22．7t·km-2·a-1、1．36kg·hm-2·a-1和0．18kg·hm-2·a-1。     

不同措施对土壤-植物系统植物地上部产量及氟含量的影响

盆栽试验研究不同措施对土壤-植物系统植物地上部产量及F含量的影响结果表明,F对黑麦草发芽有抑制作用,干旱下植物易受F中毒,黑麦草地上部鲜物质量、干物质量及F含量在2种土壤(黄壤、石灰土)间呈相同变化趋势,试验所选4种物质不利于黑麦草干物质量的积累。硅钙肥、石灰对黑麦草F含量均为负效应,有利于降低F含量,粉煤灰对2种土壤黑麦草F含量均为正效应,风化煤对黄壤黑麦草F含量表现为正效应,而对石灰土黑麦草F含量则表现为负效应;硅钙肥和风化煤对2种土壤黑麦草F含量均表现为负交互作用,而石灰和粉煤灰对黑麦草F含量均为正交互作用。     

硝酸稀土在优良牧草生产中的应用研究

稀土是牧草生产中一种重要的生长促进剂,在一定的有效浓度范围内对种子萌发、植株生长以及豆科牧草根瘤发育有明显的促进效果。通过以硝酸稀土(纯度为38％)为试验材料的研究表明,在河南省自然气候条件下,对禾草有效的稀土浓度为500 mg/kg,平均增产幅度为8.5％;对豆科牧草有效的稀土浓度为500-600mg/kg,平均增产幅度为8.8％,施用方法以浸种法最佳。     

普通草鱼与脆化草鱼的肌肉特性比较

以9尾体重为（1 295.7±37.2）g的普通草鱼和9尾体重为（706.8±6.5）g脆化草鱼（脆肉鲩）为实验对象,对其肌肉理化及质构特性进行比较研究。结果显示：脆化草鱼肌肉粗蛋白含量高于普通草鱼（P<0.05）,粗脂肪和铁含量比普通草鱼低（P<0.05）,二者肌肉水分、粗灰分及钙、铬含量无显著差异;脆化草鱼肌肉pH、肌纤维密度和胶原蛋白含量均大于普通草鱼（P<0.05）;脆化草鱼在2 h和4 h的肌肉滴水损失低于普通草鱼（P<0.05）,但8 h后差别不大;脆化草鱼肌肉硬度和咀嚼力均比普通草鱼高（P<0.05）。对肉质性状指标分析表明,在一定范围内,肌纤维密度、pH、胶原蛋白有提高肉质品质的作用趋势;肌肉脂肪含量与肌肉硬度,肌纤维密度与肌肉滴水损失之间均呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。     

First documentation on status of barley diseases from the high altitude cold arid Trans-Himalayan Ladakh region of India

Cold arid trans-Himalayan Ladakh region of India bordering with Pakistan and China is one of most elevated inhabited regions of the world. This region is highly vulnerable to climate change and serious environmental threats resulting in reduction in crop productivity due to risk of agricultural pest and plant pathogens. The present work describes the various diseases attacking barley from this region where the status of barley diseases has not yet been explored. Extensive field surveys were conducted for the first time during 2004-2005 and 475 fields were inspected at the 95 locations. Yellow rust, powdery mildew, leaf spot blotch/blight, covered smut, loose smut, foot/root rot and cereal cyst nematode causing molya disease were encountered during the survey. However, yellow rust, molya and foot/root rot were found as the most destructive diseases. Excellent hotspots of the encountered diseases were identified and marked which may be used for the screening of barley genotypes and determining the impact of climate change on plant diseases.     

草地与草业

本文介绍了草地的概念、草地的经济和生态价值、草业包含的内容以及生态草建设在草业中的位置。     

Construction and Characterization of Grass Carp （Ctenopharyngodon idellus） Fosmid Library

Grass carp （Ctenopharyngodon idellus） genomic fosmid library cotaining 129 014 clones was constructed and characterized from one diploid grass carp. The average insert size of the fosmid library was determined to be 35 kb by pulsed field gel electrophoresis, which is 4.1-fold coverage of the grass carp genome. To demonstrate the probability of picking the functional genes from the library, eleven functional genes were screened by three-dimensional PCR technique. The number of positive clones of these genes was from 1 to 6. So, this library may screen any useful genes from grass carp. This grass carp genome fosmid library will be integrated in the presently ongoing efforts to determine the sequence of the grass carp genome.     

喷施羧甲基纤维素铵对土壤水热效应及饲用苏丹草根系和产量的影响

【目的】研究喷施羧甲基纤维素铵（CMC-NH₄）对土壤含水量和温度及苏丹草根系和产量的影响,为解决宁夏引黄灌区热量紧缺问题、保障后茬作物稳产增产提供技术支撑。【方法】在宁夏引黄灌区,以小麦收获后复种的苏丹草为材料,采用大田试验,设置喷施0 kg/hm² (CK)、50 kg/hm² (T1)、100 kg/hm² (T2)、200 kg/hm² (T3)和300 kg/hm² (T4) CMC-NH₄ 5个处理,研究喷施CMC-NH₄对土壤含水量和温度,以及苏丹草根系特征、株高和干草产量的影响,并分析了CMC-NH₄喷施量与土壤含水量、温度及苏丹草生长指标和产量间的相关性。【结果】喷施CMC-NH₄处理土壤含水量较对照显著提高2.82%~29.19%(P＜0.05),且随着CMC-NH₄喷施量的增加而增大。喷施CMC-NH₄处理土壤温度较对照显著提高5.14%~31.82%,且随着CMC-NH₄喷施量的增加而增大。在0~30 cm土层,与对照相比,喷施CMC-NH₄处理苏丹草的根长、根直径、根表面积和根体积分别显著提高16.35%~ 65.52%,7.69%~30.77%,42.40%~93.85%和120.76%~229.90%;0~10 cm土层苏丹草根长、根直径、根表面积和根体积占0~30 cm土层的比例均最高,根长、根直径、根表面积和根体积分别较对照提高了21.21%~74.76%,9.68%~58.06%,61.95%~136.13%和122.60%~273.18%。与对照相比,喷施CMC-NH₄处理苏丹草0~1.0 mm径级根长、根表面积和根体积显著提高,其中以0.6~1.0 mm径级根系增加幅度较大。喷施CMC-NH₄处理苏丹草株高和干草产量较对照分别显著增加了9.34%~22.52%和55.50%~110.55%。相关性分析结果表明,CMC-NH₄喷施量与土壤含水量、温度及苏丹草的根直径、体积和干草产量呈极显著正相关,与根长和根表面积呈显著正相关。【结论】在宁夏引黄灌区农田喷施CMC-NH₄能够改善土壤水温状况,促进苏丹草根系生长,提高干草产量,当CMC-NH₄喷施量为200 kg/hm²时效果最佳。     

青海高原禾草内生真菌资源的调查和分离

青海高原的高寒特性决定其生境内禾草植物的多样性和特异性,然而有关青海高原地区禾草内生真菌的研究报道较少,本研究对青海高原地区48个样点内禾草植物内生真菌带菌率和内生真菌分离进行了研究。结果表明,14种禾本科植物内生真菌平均感染率低于50%,而12种植物内生真菌平均感染率大于50%。其中,缘毛鹅观草(Roegneria pendulina)、紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)、醉马草(Achnatherum inebrians)、中华羊茅(Festuca sinensis)、硬质早熟禾(Poa sphondylodes)、微药羊茅(F. nitidula)、毛稃羊茅(F. kirilowii)和紫羊茅(F. rubra)的平均带菌率均超过80%。同时,同属禾草植物内生真菌带菌率存在差异。禾草内生真菌分离率较低,其中紫花针茅、麦宾草(Elymus tangutorum)、光稃早熟禾(P. psiolepis)和异针茅(S. aliena)内生真菌在菌落和分生孢子形态上存在差异。可见,青海高原禾草内生真菌带菌率较高,同时不同禾草内生真菌可能存在多样性。