黄土丘陵区天然侧柏种群结构特征及生存状况

[目的] 探究黄土丘陵区天然侧柏种群结构特征及生存状况,为该区森林草地高质量可持续发展提供科学依据。[方法] 基于遥感影像选择10 000 m²典型样地为研究区,利用每木检尺法调查采集数据;采用时间代替空间、匀滑技术等方法在静态生命表的基础上利用动态变化指数量化分析数量特征,结合时间尺度上的谱分析及时间序列模拟预测,对侧柏种群进行综合生存分析。[结果] ①侧柏种群的高度、冠幅和径级结构均表明幼树丰富。②侧柏种群存活曲线近Deevey-Ⅱ型,种群对外界干扰有敏感度。③种群动态表现为前期生存能力强,中期生长稳定,后期生命衰退的特点。时间序列模拟和预测分析说明侧柏种群个体呈不同程度的增加趋势且具较强生长恢复能力。[结论] 黄土丘陵区天然侧柏种群结构稳定且呈增长趋势,存活曲线接近Deevey-Ⅱ型。     

食品药品安全存在的问题分析与对策

食品药品安全与广大人民群众的日常生活息息相关,其不仅会直接影响人们的身体健康,还会危及人们的生命安全,目前已成为人们关注的热点问题。对当前我国出现的食品药品安全问题的特点、现状进行了分析,并从强化对食品药品源头污染的治理,加强食品药品安全管理工作的领导,完善法制、联合执法,加强行业自律、充分发挥行业协会的积极作用,加强舆论监督,提高食品药品安全意识几个方面提出了解决问题的对策。     

短枝型苹果赤霉素受体基因MdGID1a 及其启动子克隆和表达分析

 以短枝型富士苹果‘龙富短枝’（Malus × domestica Borkh.‘Longfu Duanzhi’）枝条为试材, 采用RT-PCR 结合RACE 技术,克隆获得苹果赤霉素受体基因MdGID1a,GenBank 基因数据库的登录号 为JF516247。该基因编码区共1 035 bp,推测其编码345 个氨基酸。氨基酸序列分析显示,其具有HSL 基因家族的保守氨基酸结构域HGG 和GXSXG,与其它植物赤霉素受体基因具有较高的同源性。其启动 子序列包含植物激素和光等响应元件。实时定量qRT-PCR 分析表明,MdGID1a 在短枝型‘龙富短枝’和 普通型‘长富2 号’枝条不同生长阶段、在叶片、枝条、果实、花和叶芽中的表达水平存在明显差异。 苹果赤霉素受体基因MdGID1a 在短枝型苹果枝条伸长过程中具有一定的调控作用。     

Agent-based land-use models: a review of applications

Agent-based modelling is an approach that has been receiving attention by the land use modelling community in recent years, mainly because it offers a way of incorporating the influence of human decision-making on land use in a mechanistic, formal, and spatially explicit way, taking into account social interaction, adaptation, and decision-making at different levels. Specific advantages of agent-based models include their ability to model individual decision-making entities and their interactions, to incorporate social processes and non-monetary influences on decision-making, and to dynamically link social and environmental processes. A number of such models are now beginning to appear—it is timely, therefore, to review the uses to which agent-based land use models have been put so far, and to discuss some of the relevant lessons learnt, also drawing on those from other areas of simulation modelling, in relation to future applications. In this paper, we review applications of agent-based land use models under the headings of (a) policy analysis and planning, (b) participatory modelling, (c) explaining spatial patterns of land use or settlement, (d) testing social science concepts and (e) explaining land use functions. The greatest use of such models so far has been by the research community as tools for organising knowledge from empirical studies, and for exploring theoretical aspects of particular systems. However, there is a need to demonstrate that such models are able to solve problems in the real world better than traditional modelling approaches. It is concluded that in terms of decision support, agent-based land-use models are probably more useful as research tools to develop an underlying knowledge base which can then be developed together with end-users into simple rules-of-thumb, rather than as operational decision support tools. This paper arises from research conducted as part of the UK Research Councils’ RELU Programme (award number RES-224-25-0102). RELU is funded jointly by the Economic and Social Research Council, the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council and the Natural Environment Research Council, with additional funding from the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and the Scottish Executive Environment and Rural Affairs Department.     

杭州龙井茶文化体验式旅游的SWOT分析及对策

本研究运用SWOT分析法,对杭州龙井茶文化体验式旅游发展的优势、劣势、机会和威胁四个方面进行了系统的分析,并以此为基础提出了相关的对策与建议,旨在为各级政府部门制定切实可行的发展战略,推进体验式旅游的开发建设提供决策参考。     

基于全基因组序列的黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒重组和系统发育分析

 通过RT-PCR扩增了黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒(Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus,CGMMV)济南分离物(CGMMV-JN)的基因组片段。序列测定结果表明CGMMV-JN基因组全长6 424核苷酸(nt),5′-和3′-UTR分别为60和176 nt,含有4个ORF,分别编码129 kDa和186 kDa复制酶相关蛋白、29 kDa移动蛋白及17.4 kDa外壳蛋白。CGMMV-JN与另外29个CGMMV分离物全基因组核苷酸序列一致率为90.0%~99.7%。重组分析发现韩国KOM(AF417243)、以色列EC(KF155231)、印度(DQ767631)和我国河北的CHB(KJ658958)4个分离物在RdRp编码区存在重组。系统发育分析结果表明,这些分离物可分成3个组。选择压力分析结果表明cp基因处于正选择,其它基因处于负选择。本文研究的结果为黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒的监测及防控提供了理论依据。     

Detecting spruce and fir log diameter under bark by using shape and image data

The sawmilling industry stores and measures logs in bark in order to maximise efficiency, quality conservation and preservation. Billing is based on the diameter under bark, estimated based on manual or automatic bark detection. Although an automatic system is desirable for the industry, existing systems like tracheid effect scanners, X-ray or computed tomography either do not work reliably during all seasons or are very cost-intensive. This paper presents an approach for automatic determination of diameter under bark based on a multi-sensor approach including shape data, colour image data and tracheid effect data using laser scanning. For 686 spruce (Picea abies) and 79 fir (Abies alba) logs, diameters under bark are estimated and compared to the diameter after machine debarking. Estimation errors are close to zero and are below ±10 mm for more than 94% of the logs. Influences of season or characteristics like bark beetle are small. Specialised algorithms for diameter estimation in the presence of snow or bark beetle might further improve the result at the cost of required extra manual input.     

Bacteriophage OP1, lytic for Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, changes its host range by duplication and deletion of the small domain in the deduced tail fiber gene

The entire genome of bacteriophage OP₁, lytic for Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae causing bacterial leaf blight of rice, and the partial genomes of related phages were sequenced and analyzed. The OP₁ genome comprises double-stranded, 4785-bp long DNA with 51.1% G + C content. Fifty-nine open reading frames (ORFs) were detected. ORF25 had similarity with the tail fiber gene of phages, whose product is related to host specificity. The ORF25 regions were amplified from four host-range mutants (OP_1h, OP_1hC, OP_1h2, and OP_1h2C) by polymerase chain reaction, and their deduced amino acid sequences were compared. Three mutants (OP_1hC, OP_1h2, OP_1h2C) had duplications of a small domain in the N-terminal portion, although there were slight differences in the position of the duplicated sequences. One mutant OP_1h had substituted amino acids in the duplication region. New mutants isolated in the laboratory (OP_1hC and OP_1h2C from OP₁ and OP_1h2) acquired the ability to lyse strain N5874 belonging to phagovar (lysotype) C. However, they rapidly lost this lytic ability when incubated with other phagovars. This loss was always accompanied by a loss of the characteristic repeats, suggesting that the host range of OP₁-related phages changed mainly through duplication and deletion of a small domain in ORF25. The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under the accession numbers AP008979, AB214312 to AB214316     

甘肃河东春季透雨日期与海温的相关分析

利用甘肃河东和宁夏回族自治区中南部1971～2000年67个站的春季第一场透雨日期资料,用EOF和REOF方法对其做了分解,进行了透雨日期的气候分区,分析了春季第一场透雨日期的时空分布特征,并计算了其与北太平洋海温的相关关系。结果表明,北部透雨平均日期与南部透雨平均日期具有相反的趋势,北部最迟在5月下旬,南部最早在4月中旬;20世纪70年代透雨日期偏迟,80年代透雨日期偏早,90年代偏迟。透雨早的年份,春季降水偏多,透雨迟的年份,春季降水偏少;透雨日期与北太平洋海温呈显著的负相关,当北太平洋地区的海温偏高时,甘肃河东春季透雨日期偏早。当北太平洋地区的海温偏低时,甘肃河东春季透雨日期偏迟。     

Do labour productivity and preferences about work load distribution affect reproduction management and performance in pig farms

Increases in labour productivity are essential factors, as well as technical effectiveness, for the competitiveness of pig farming. However, the preferences of farmers for controlled (i.e. limited) daily working hours or available days for vacation also increase. The objective of this study was to explore how these preferences about work might be associated to specific combinations of practices or affect performance. The study was carried out by direct investigation of the stockbreeders. Data analysis used factorial analysis to identify relationships between practices, labour productivity, sow productivity and work load distribution. Results showed independence between sow productivity and labour productivity. Three independent types of preferences about work load distribution were identified: the limitation of density of daily work, the avoidance of insemination activities during the weekend and the avoidance of farrowing supervision during the weekend. These preferences about work load distribution were mainly related to weaning, oestrus detection and insemination techniques. A relationship was also seen between farrowing and cross-fostering techniques, and labour and sow productivity. Results suggest that preferences about work load distribution influence the choice of reproduction practices without influencing performance. Finally, concerning the labour productivity, it was linked with some specific techniques at farrowing but the results also indicated that it was mainly related to the size of farrowing batches.