浅谈平原绿化管护措施

根据平原绿化的质量要求及特点,关键是做好管护工作.具体介绍了平原绿化可行措施,主要从意识、行政、经济、法制、科技等方面来抓,形成严密、合理、科学地管护系统.     

基于光竞争截止系数的崇礼冬奥核心区华北落叶松人工林目标树抚育间伐模拟

目的: 以崇礼冬奥核心区华北落叶松人工近熟林为研究对象,探讨目标树抚育间伐采伐木选择方法及其对林分空间结构的影响,为更加合理开展森林经营活动、促进人工林质量提升提供科学依据。方法: 设置并调查6块面积0.09 hm²（30 m×30 m）标准地,按125株·hm^?2目标树密度,采用定性与定量指标相结合的方法标记目标树。基于树冠重叠和树冠光竞争高度构建采伐木选择指标,设置不同光竞争截止系数（c）模拟选择采伐木,分析采伐强度变化,运用角尺度、混交度、密集度、交角竞争指数、林层指数和综合空间结构指数分析不同c值下目标树和林分空间结构指标的变化。结果: c取值在0~1之间时,株数采伐强度和断面积采伐强度在10%~35%范围内变化,且呈随c值增大而降低的相同变化趋势。经模拟采伐后目标树空间结构得到优化,改善幅度随采伐强度增大而增大。综合空间结构指数在 $ c $ 值0.6时达到最大提升幅度45.50%,角尺度和密集度在 $ c $ 值0.7时变化幅度最大,分别为17.93%和46.83%,其他空间结构参数在 $ c $ 值0.6时达到最大变化幅度。抚育间伐可同时优化林分空间结构,对林分树种隔离程度、林木透光条件和竞争水平均具有不同程度改善。结论: 基于树冠重叠和树冠光竞争高度的采伐木选择方法,可通过调整光竞争截止系数控制采伐强度。树冠光竞争截止系数可作为目标树经营采伐木选择的约束条件,但具体抚育对象和抚育方式须结合林分特征和作业要求而定。     

Root distribution pattern of the wild jack tree (Artocarpus hirsutus Lamk.) as studied by 32P soil injection method

Root distribution of the wild jack tree (Artocarpus hirsutus) was determined by selective placement of ³²P at various depths and lateral distances from the tree, in Kerala, India. In eight-and-a-half-year-old trees growing on a lateritic site, absorption of ³²P from a lateral distance of 75 cm and 30 cm depth was much greater than from 150 and 225 cm lateral distance and 60 and 90 cm depth. Root activity declined with increasing depth and lateral distance. Most of the physiologically active roots were concentrated within a radius of 75 cm and 30 cm depth, although the tap root might reach even deeper. Possibly, surface accumulation of feeder roots may cause considerable overlap of the tree and crop root zones in intercropping situations. However, as the tree roots seldom extend beyond 2.25 m laterally from the trunk, the effect of overlapping root zones and the associated competitive effects may not be a serious problem for intercropping during the first few years (<10 years after planting) of tree growth.     

核果类果树不同器官AMY与SOD同工酶酶谱的研究

采用聚丙烯胺垂直平板凝胶电泳,分析了核果类果树不同器官ＡＭＹ、ＳＯＤ同工酶酶谱,结果表明：同一品种不同器官ＡＭＹ同工酶表现,在不同树种上差异较大;成熟叶片是ＡＭＹ、ＳＯＤ酶谱分析的理想试材;花药是ＡＭＹ分析的理想试材。     

Testing variability in pathogenicity ofPhytophthora cactorum, P. citrophthora andP. syringae to apple, pear, peach, cherry and plum rootstocks

The relative virulence ofPhytophthora cactorum andP. syringae originating from almond trees, and ofP. citrophthora originating from citrus, to apple, pear, peach, cherry and plum rootstocks, was studiedin vivo andin vitro. Results of the different experiments were in good agreement. All testedPhytophthora isolates showed little virulence to pear rootstocks-causing only minor crown rot symptoms - and no virulence at all to apple rootstocks. In contrast, they were highly virulent to stone fruit rootstocks, causing crown rot disease. The non-pathogenicity of these isolates to pome rootstocks could be interpreted as strict host specificity.     

Pear decline resistance in progenies of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pyrus</Emphasis> taxa used as rootstocks

Progenies of 39 open-pollinated genotypes belonging to 26 Pyrus taxa were examined for pear decline resistance and pomological traits when used as rootstocks. Following graft inoculation and observation over 18 years, considerable differences in pear decline resistance between and within the progenies were observed. Not affected or little affected and moderately to severely affected trees were observed in all progenies. However, great quantitative differences among them were observed. In the progenies of about one third of the pollinated trees most of the individuals showed a high level of resistance to grafted trees. Significantly different from this group was another third of the progenies that mostly showed high susceptibility in grafted trees. Between these two groups there were progenies that statistically neither differed from the resistant nor from the susceptible group. These progenies were defined as moderately resistant. Significant differences in resistance were also observed between progenies of genotypes of the same species that originated from different locations. These data indicate segregation of the resistance trait and show that seedling progenies are unsuitable as rootstocks in commercial pear growing. Instead, careful selection of suitable genotypes for propagation is required. Great differences between and within the progenies examined were also observed in vigour and yield efficiency.     

烟台市行道树选择及应用探讨

在对烟台市城市行道树的树种及应用现状进行分析的基础上，结合阐述行道树树种选择、规划应用的原则，提出了改变当前现状、丰富烟台市城市行道树种的时策和建议。     

上海市古树资源特征研究

上海市现存古树1 369株,隶属36科51属63种,其中,银杏的数量最多,达485株,其中7株1 000年以上,年龄最长的达1200年。古树中,乔木类树种最多,其次是小乔木,灌木和藤木类最少;古树主要分布在机关庭院、公园、郊区和道路。上海的古树资源温带成分占总属数的49.0%,热带成分占35.3%,具有温带与亚热带过渡区分布特征;并拥有较多的孑遗种、古老种、特有种和外来种。       

Post-logging loss of genetic diversity in a mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King,Meliaceae) population in Brazilian Amazonia

Big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King, Meliaceae) is the most valuable widely traded timber species from the Neotropics. Mahogany has been severely overexploited throughout its natural range, which stretches from southern Mexico through Central and South America as far south as the Bolivian Amazon. We investigated effects of selective logging on the genetic diversity of a mahogany population in eastern Amazonia. Using eight hypervariable microsatellite loci, we estimated the number of alleles per locus (A), mean expected and observed heterozygosity (H_e, H_o), the number of distinct multilocus genotypes (G_o), and the inbreeding coefficient (f) for pre- and post-logging cohorts (adults and seedlings) collected over identical spatial scales. We found a significant reduction in the number of alleles, observed heterozygosity, and distinct multilocus genotype number in the post- compared to the pre-logging cohort. The loss of genetic diversity is likely to have occurred due to a reduction in the effective population size as a consequence of logging, which leads to the loss of alleles and limits mating possibilities. The results raise concerns about the conservation genetics of logged mahogany populations where a high proportion of adults are removed from the system. We suggest initiatives to promote the maintenance of genetic diversity as an integral part of the production system, allowing genetically sustainable use of this valuable timber resource.     

A review of measurement options for multipurpose trees

There is an urgent need to standardize the methods used to assess the growth of multipurpose trees. Most of the standard methods so far described have been developed specifically for use in multilocational trial networks. This paper was prepared for the F/FRED/ICRAF Workshop on MPTS Assessment Methods, held in Thailand in May 1991 to develop internationally-recognised standards for assessment methodology. It critically reviews the methods prescribed by different networks for height and diameter measurement, and for biomass estimation, giving researchers a range of methodological options to consider and re-emphasizing the need, all too often neglected, to define assessment methods clearly and unambiguously.