长期施用氮肥和磷肥对渭北旱塬土壤中氨氧化古菌多样性的影响

采用基于氨单加氧酶基因的PCR-RFLP和DNA测序技术,以黄土高原旱地黑垆土为材料,研究长期施用氮肥和磷肥对土壤氨氧化古菌多样性的影响.结果显示,不同施肥处理土壤样品得到的氨氧化古菌的OTU数分别为25(种植不施肥,CK)、21(不施肥不种植,LD)、18(单施氮肥,N)、25(单施磷肥,P)和13(氮、磷共施,NP).氨氧化古菌的多样性指数H′和优势度指数Ds变化趋势基本相同,分别为P＞CK＞LD＞NP＞N和P＞CK＞NP＞LD＞N;种群丰富度和均匀度指数在不同处理间变化较大,分别为CK＞P＞LD＞N＞NP和P＞NP＞LD＞N＞CK.各处理优势氨氧化古菌绝大部分属于Cluster S,少数属于Cluster M,获得的序列全部属于难培养泉古菌门.不同施肥方式的长期定位试验土壤中氨氧化古菌多样性变化较大,而优势氨氧化古菌系统进化定位没有显著变化.     

硝化抑制剂的微生物抑制机理及其应用

硝化作用是导致我国农业氮肥利用率低以及地表水和地下水污染的主要原因,且对温室气体氧化亚氮(N2O)的排放具有显著影响。硝化抑制剂可通过选择性抑制土壤硝化微生物的活动,有效减缓土壤中铵态氮向硝态氮的转化,是农业生产中常用的提高氮肥利用率和减少硝化作用负面效应的一种有效管理方式。近年来,分子生态学技术的迅速发展使人们可以从分子水平上认识和研究硝化作用及抑制机理。本文综合论述了农业生产中常用的硝化抑制剂(双氰胺、3,4-甲基吡唑磷酸盐、2-氯-6-三氯甲基吡啶和乙炔等)的作用机理和特征,特别是不同抑制剂对氨氧化细菌和氨氧化古菌的影响差异,同时总结了利用硝化抑制剂(双氰胺、乙炔和烯丙基硫脲等)在硝化作用及其相关功能微生物研究中所取得的重要进展,以期为深刻认识和理解土壤硝化作用和硝化抑制剂作用机理,合理利用硝化抑制剂提供参考。     

Responses of nitrogen cycling and related microorganisms to brackish wetlands formed by evapotranspiration

Elevated evapotranspiration due to warmer air temperature could raise salinity and nutrient levels of some inland wetlands, potentially impacting nitrogen cycling. To characterize the impact of high evapotranspiration on soil microbial nitrogen cycling in inland wetlands, we compared freshwater and brackish marsh(or non-marsh) wetlands in terms of sediment ammonia-oxidizing rate(AOR), denitrifying rate(DR), and related microbial communities in a typical inland basin, the Hulun Lake basin, in Chi...     

Ammonia-oxidizing communities in agricultural soil incubated with organic waste residues

The impact of organic compounds present in different kinds of organic fertilizers, i.e., anaerobically digested household waste, composted organic household waste, swine manure, and cow manure, on microbial communities in arable soil was investigated using microcosms. Soil was amended with dried residues or organic extracts of the residues and incubated for 12 weeks at 25°C. The microbial community composition was investigated by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis, and the community of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) was assessed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rDNA fragments, followed by sequencing. All dried residues increased the AOB activity, determined as potential ammonia oxidation, whereas the organic extracts from the thermophilically digested waste and the swine manure caused a decreased potential activity. However, no differences in the DGGE banding patterns were detected, and the same AOB sequences were present in all samples treated with the residue extracts. Moreover, the PLFA composition showed that none of the residue additions affected the overall microbial community structure in the soil. We conclude that the AOB community composition was not affected by the organic compounds in the fertilizers, although the activity in some cases was.     

Lipids of Prokaryotic Origin at the Base of Marine Food Webs

In particular niches of the marine environment, such as abyssal trenches, icy waters and hot vents, the base of the food web is composed of bacteria and archaea that have developed strategies to survive and thrive under the most extreme conditions. Some of these organisms are considered “extremophiles” and modulate the fatty acid composition of their phospholipids to maintain the adequate fluidity of the cellular membrane under cold/hot temperatures, elevated pressure, high/low salinity and pH. Bacterial cells are even able to produce polyunsaturated fatty acids, contrarily to what was considered until the 1990s, helping the regulation of the membrane fluidity triggered by temperature and pressure and providing protection from oxidative stress. In marine ecosystems, bacteria may either act as a sink of carbon, contribute to nutrient recycling to photo-autotrophs or bacterial organic matter may be transferred to other trophic links in aquatic food webs. The present work aims to provide a comprehensive review on lipid production in bacteria and archaea and to discuss how their lipids, of both heterotrophic and chemoautotrophic origin, contribute to marine food webs.     

Weaning methods affect ruminal methanogenic archaea composition and diversity in Holstein calves

The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of different weaning methods on the ruminal methanogenic archaea composition and diversity in Holstein calves.Thirty-six newborn Holstein bull calves were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments:(1)conventional weaning(d 56)and fed a high proportion of solid feed(CWS);(2)conventional weaning(d 56)and fed a high proportion of liquid feed(CWL);(3)early weaning(d 42)and fed with a high proportion of solid feed(EWS).High-throughput sequencing of the methyl coenzyme M reductase(mcr A)gene,which encodes theα-subunit of methyl coenzyme M reductase-the enzyme that catalyzes the final step in methanogenesis was used to determine the composition and diversity of rumen methanogens.No significant difference(P0.05)was observed for operational taxonomic units(OTUs)or richness indices,but diversity indices increased(P0.05)for calves fed high dietary solids.Predominant families across the three treatments were Methanobacteriaceae,Thermoplasmataceae and Methanomassiliicoccaceae.Calves in the EWS treatment had a higher(P0.05)relative abundance of Methanobrevibacter sp.strain AbM4 and Methanosphaera stadtmanae,while calves in the CWL treatment had a higher(P0.05)abundance of Methanosphaera sp.strain SM9.A positive(P0.05)relationship was identified between butyrate and Methanobrevibacter sp.strain AbM4.In conclusion,the composition and diversity of methanogens in the rumen of Holstein calves varied under the different weaning methods.This study identified a positive relationship between butyrate and Methanobrevibacter sp.strain AbM4,potentially reflecting correlations between ruminal fermentation variables and methanogenesis function.These in-depth analyses provide further understanding of weaning methods for intensified production systems.     

模拟氮沉降对贝加尔针茅草原土壤氮转化微生物的影响

草地土壤是温室气体重要的源和汇,认识草地生态系统氮转化过程有助于预测氮循环对未来氮沉降增加的响应与反馈机制。依托于2010年在内蒙古贝加尔针茅草原设置的长期模拟氮沉降增加的氮添加试验,共设置了8个氮添加水平(0、15、30、50、100、150、200、300 kg N·hm~(-2)·a~(-1))。应用荧光定量PCR方法,研究氮转化功能基因丰度对不同氮添加水平的响应。2015年8月取样分析结果表明:固氮微生物(nifH)基因丰度随着氮添加水平的升高,表现为先升高后降低的趋势。低于200 kg N·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)硝酸铵处理有利于固氮菌生长。低氮添加(N15、N30和N50)对氨氧化细菌(AOB-amoA)和氨氧化古菌(AOA-amoA)基因丰度无显著影响。高氮添加(N100、N150、N200和N300)显著提高了AOB基因丰度,降低了AOA基因丰度。高氮添加(N150、N200和N300)显著降低了nirK基因丰度。随着氮添加量的增加,高氮添加促进了AOB主导的氨氧化过程,而反硝化微生物丰度的减少提高了氨氧化产物硝酸盐的积累,继而提高了土壤硝酸盐含量。     

Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on Soil Ammonia-Oxidizing Microorganisms Under Temperatures of 25 and 5℃

The excellent bactericidal performance of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) has led to their wide applications, resulting in increasing concerns about their potential environmental impacts. This study evaluated the influences of different concentrations of Ag NPs (0, 1, 10, and 100 μg g^-1 dry soil) on the ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms in soil at cultivation temperatures of 25 and 5℃ for 37 d. The results showed that 1 μg g^-1 dry soil of Ag NPs had no acute effects on the ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms. However, 10 and 100 μg g^-1 dry soil of Ag NPs levels were found to significantly inhibit the activities of soil nitrification, with a decrease of 69.89% and 94.55%, respectively, at 25℃ and 61.65% and 83.79%, respectively, at 5℃ compared to the control (0 μg g^-1 dry soil of Ag NPs). These levels of Ag NPs also obviously decreased soil urease activity from about 380.47 ±0.07 (at 5℃) and 529.76 ±13.44 (at 25℃) mg N g^-1 dry soil d^-1 to 61.70 ±2.97 and 68.29 ±8.22 mg N g^-1 dry soil d^-1, respectively, after 37 d of cultivation. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria. For the same exposure time, the effects of Ag NPs on the activities of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms and urease decreased with decreasing temperature. The threshold concentration of Ag NPs that induced negative effects on ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms was higher at 5℃ than at 25℃. Therefore, the temperature has a major impact on the toxicity of Ag NPs to ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms and on the urease activity, with toxicity being reduced with decreasing temperature.