Soil solution chemistry at different positions on slope in a conifer plantation forest

It is known that soil property varies along the slope. It suggests that soil solution chemistry also differs topographically. To determine the variation in soil solution chemistry within one watershed, soil solution chemistry at the different positions of the slope was investigated. Soil N transformation changed along the slope. NH₄ ⁺ ratio to inorganic N (NH₄ ⁺ + NO₃ ⁻) increased upslope. The tendency was verified by laboratory incubation. After incubation most of the mineralized N was nitrified at the lower part of the slope, while little nitrification occurred at the upper part of the slope. At the ridge and the backslope inorganic N form in soil solution was concomitant with inorganic N form by incubation. At the ridge NH₄ ⁺ was predominant form in soil solution, at that time major anion was sea salt originated Cl⁻. From this, soil solution chemistry seems to be regulated by the external nutrient source at the ridge. In the second year of lysimeter installation NO₃ ⁻ concentration increased in both sites and the ratio of NH₄ ⁺ to inorganic N decreased. It was considered due to the effect of lysimeter installation. The lag time and the magnitude of NO₃ ⁻ increase were different between the ridge and the backslope. It would be related with soil N transformation in pre-disturbance. The influence of disturbance were shown in other solute concentrations of soil solution.     

腾冲红花油茶高接改造试验

2011年5月,采用13个优树无性系半木质化枝条为接穗、插皮嫁接或切接方法、塑料薄膜袋保湿、70%遮阳,对156株成年植株进行高接改造试验。嫁接后150 d调查统计,其株均成活率达94.2%,接穗芽成活率为55.0%,平均抽梢长度21.8 cm。高接改造取得良好效果,其技术可满足生产要求。     

发根农杆菌(Agrobacterium rhizogenes) Ri T-DNA遗传转化丝石竹(Gypsophila paniculata)的研究

近年来,已发展出遗传转化高等植物的一些新技术,其中有些技术如脂质体融合,微注射技术和电击导入都是基于动物细胞培养方面的工作,而另一些技术是来自于植物界独特的天然转化系统,其中包括已知能遗传转化高等植物的农杆菌(Agrobacterium)的二个种,即致瘤农杆菌(A.tumefaciens)和发根农杆菌(A.rhizogenes),这二个种都能够将其致病质粒Ti或Ri所携带的DNA序列(T-DNA)插入到双子叶植物细胞核基因组中。pTi诱发寄主产生根基肿瘤,pRi诱发寄主产生毛状根。二者的差别可能是毛状根可以从毛状根培养物获得具有完整的T-DNA序列的有生育能力的再生植株,而从致病农杆菌(A.tumefaciens)菌株所诱发的肿瘤很难获得再生植株。因此,利用发根农杆菌(A.rhizogenes)pRi作为遗传转化高等植物的基因克隆载体的研究和应用日益受到重视。     

千岛湖国家森林公园针叶林阔叶化改造技术探讨

通过对千岛湖国家森林公园森林植被的调查,分析了森林结构存在的主要问题,并就针叶林阔叶化改造相关技术措施进行了探讨.     

Auxin responsive factor基因转化烟草的初探

如何改进烟叶的品质、提高烟叶的产量、特别是提高烟株对病虫害的抗性,是烟草研究专家的重要课题。由于烟草较易进行组织培养和基因转化,因而成为植物基因工程中的模式植物之一,是植物界的”果蝇”,许多非烟草研究专家也在用它进行转基因的研究,这就使得烟草的转基因研究特别丰富,研究成果很多,这是烟草得天独厚之处。但研究的成果真正转化到生产上的数量却相当少,这正是烟草研究者们要努力解决的问题。     

森林土壤有机氮的X光吸收近边结构光谱技术测定

本研究通过采用氮的K边X光吸收近边结构(XANES)技术来了解森林土壤有机氮,以此深入研究土壤中有机氮种类与其转化的定量关系。土壤样品采自台湾中部的云杉、铁杉林与草地。结果表明,氮的 XANES 可以揭示样品中不同的氮的种类。在土壤腐植质、可溶性氮及本体土壤中胺态及吡咯氮占了主要的比率。然而不同处理及植被下的土壤样品氮的种类分布是不同的。云杉与铁杉土壤可溶性有机氮在402.3 eV 能量处有显著的差异。在A层土壤中,吡啶类氮含量要显著高于O层土壤,说明氮在不同土层中的转化率存在极大的差异,这种变化对于氮在森林土壤中的循环将起重要作用。图3表1参8。     

One-day rate measurements for estimating net nitrification potential in humid forest soils

Measurements of net nitrification rates in forest soils have usually been performed by extended sample incubation (2–8 weeks), either in the field or in the lab. Because of disturbance effects, these measurements are only estimates of nitrification potential and shorter incubations may suffice. In three separate studies of northeastern USA forest soil surface horizons, we found that laboratory nitrification rates measured over 1 day related well to those measured over 4 weeks. Soil samples of Oa or A horizons were mixed by hand and the initial extraction of subsamples, using 2 mol L⁻¹ KCl, occurred in the field as soon as feasible after sampling. Soils were kept near field temperature and subsampled again the following day in the laboratory. Rates measured by this method were about three times higher than the 4-week rates. Variability in measured rates was similar over either incubation period. Because NO₃⁻ concentrations were usually quite low in the field, average rates from 10 research watersheds could be estimated with only a single, 1-day extraction. Methodological studies showed that the concentration of NH₄⁺ increased slowly during contact time with the KCl extractant and, thus, this contact time should be kept similar during the procedure. This method allows a large number of samples to be rapidly assessed.     

油橄榄羟基酪醇的生物合成及其衍生物研究进展

介绍了传统化学合成羟基酪醇的方法,针对化学合成反应步骤多、催化剂昂贵、产率低、污染大等问题,重点总结了以橄榄苦苷和酪醇为原料生物法合成羟基酪醇的途径,同时还综述了羟基酪醇烷基醚、脂肪酸酯、糖基化等衍生物的制备方法、生物活性及其构效关系,为羟基酪醇及其衍生物批量制备及其抗肿瘤、抗癌、心脑血管疾病新药的筛选提供参考和指导作用。     

论“科学技术是第一生产力”的社会转型效应

指出了邓小平"科学技术是第一生产力"的论断具有深刻的内涵,对于推动我国社会不断发展具有重要的作用。虽然不同的社会时期所凸显的社会问题有所不同,但社会问题的解决都离不开"科学技术是第一生产力"的正确指引。当前我国正处在新中国成立以来的第三次社会转型的关键时期,社会经济结构、文化形态、价值观念等都发生了深刻的变化,社会问题层出不穷,亟需得到妥善解决。立足于当前的社会状况并结合邓小平提出"科学技术是第一生产力"这一阶段的历史经验,重新解读"科学技术是第一生产力"这一思想有助于加快实现社会第三次成功转型,实现自然、社会与人类和谐发展。     

Genetic improvement of legumes using somatic cell and molecular techniques

Summary The merits and limitations of somatic cell techniques involving Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, direct gene transfer and protoplast fusion, are discussed in relation to the genetic improvement of forage and grain legumes. Whilst progress with legumes is limited compared to that with plants of other families such as the Solanaceae, the fact that many legumes are readily amenable to tissue culture now permits somatic cell techniques to be targetted to these species. Future development of the subject will necessitate close collaboration between molecular biologists and plant breeders to enable novel plants generated by in vitro technologies to be incorporated into conventional breeding programmes.