Allelopathy in crop/weed interactions--an update

Since varietal differences in allelopathy of crops against weeds were discovered in the 1970s, much research has documented the potential that allelopathic crops offer for integrated weed management with substantially reduced herbicide rates. Research groups worldwide have identified several crop species possessing potent allelopathic interference mediated by root exudation of allelochemicals. Rice, wheat, barley and sorghum have attracted most attention. Past research focused on germplasm screening for elite allelopathic cultivars and the identification of the allelochemicals involved. Based on this, traditional breeding efforts were initiated in rice and wheat to breed agronomically acceptable, weed-suppressive cultivars with improved allelopathic interference. Promising suppressive crosses are under investigation. Molecular approaches have elucidated the genetics of allelopathy by QTL mapping which associated the trait in rice and wheat with several chromosomes and suggested the involvement of several allelochemicals. Potentially important compounds that are constitutively secreted from roots have been identified in all crop species under investigation. Biosynthesis and exudation of these metabolites follow a distinct temporal pattern and can be induced by biotic and abiotic factors. The current state of knowledge suggests that allelopathy involves fluctuating mixtures of allelochemicals and their metabolites as regulated by genotype and developmental stage of the producing plant, environment, cultivation and signalling effects, as well as the chemical or microbial turnover of compounds in the rhizosphere. Functional genomics is being applied to identify genes involved in biosynthesis of several identified allelochemicals, providing the potential to improve allelopathy by molecular breeding. The dynamics of crop allelopathy, inducible processes and plant signalling is gaining growing attention; however, future research should also consider allelochemical release mechanisms, persistence, selectivity and modes of action, as well as consequences of improved crop allelopathy on plant physiology, the environment and management strategies. Creation of weed-suppressive cultivars with improved allelopathic interference is still a challenge, but traditional breeding or biotechnology should pave the way.     

桃蚜对噻虫嗪代谢抗性机制研究

对桃蚜进行室内噻虫嗪抗性品系筛选,选育至15代后抗性倍数达到75.6倍。对噻虫嗪敏感品系(THI-S)和抗性品系(THI-R)桃蚜的谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)、酸性磷酸酯酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酯酶(ALP)、羧酸酯酶(CarE)、多功能氧化酶(MFO)O-脱甲基活性进行了比较,结果显示:敏感品系(THI-S)和抗性品系(THI-R)的谷胱甘肽S-转移酶比活力分别为3.127 5和3.215 9,差异不显著,桃蚜抗性品系体内酸性磷酸酯酶、碱性磷酸酯酶、羧酸酯酶和多功能氧化酶O-脱甲基活性均显著高于敏感品系,分别达到了1.57、2.10、6.12、2.03倍。表明桃蚜对噻虫嗪抗性的产生与酸性磷酸酯酶、碱性磷酸酯酶、羧酸酯酶和多功能氧化酶O-脱甲基的活性相关。     

空间诱变育成水稻品种对硒的生物富集能力研究初报

以粤航1号、航香糯和航小占3个空间诱变育成水稻品种(系)及其亲本长丝占、南丰糯、籼小占为试验材料,采用喷施硒肥富硒康的方法,进行空间诱变育成水稻品种对硒的生物富集能力研究.结果显示:在施硒肥(或不施硒肥)条件下,空间诱变育成品种(系)稻米(包括精米和糙米)的硒含量与其亲本之间差异不显著,各品种稻米的硒含量均极显著增加,与不施硒肥处理相比,精米的硒含量增加3.435倍、糙米的硒含量增加4.204倍.     

5种微生物杀虫剂对3种水稻主要害虫的室内毒力比较及致死表型观察

为发展水稻害虫的绿色防控技术,本研究采用浸渍法比较了5种微生物杀虫剂(苏云金芽胞杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis、短稳杆菌Empedobacter brevis、球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana、金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421和甘蓝夜蛾Mamestra brassicae核型多角体病毒)对3种水稻主要害虫(二化螟Chilo suppressalis、稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis和褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens)的室内毒力及致死表型。结果表明,在田间推荐中剂量处理条件下,5种药剂对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫均具有较好的速效性,处理后第2天幼虫的校正死亡率(46.7%～86.7%)就显著高于对照组(0%),第5天稻纵卷叶螟幼虫校正死亡率可达到85.7%～100%,均极显著高于二化螟的校正死亡率(4.76%～23.81%),二化螟第6天时的校正死亡率为25.0%～55.0%。对褐飞虱若虫,金龟子绿僵菌CQMa421的速效性和毒力均优于球孢白僵菌,经金龟子绿僵菌CQMa421处理后2 d的存活...     

抗旱救灾农作制度的建立

在分析甘肃省中东部黄土高原旱作区当前干旱灾害和农业生产现状的基础上,进一步分析了干旱灾害和农业生产模式以及二者的互作效应对农田系统抵御干旱灾害能力的影响.认为抗旱减灾农作制度必须以科学轮作的作物体系、耕地质量保育和自然降水高效利用的栽培技术体系为支撑点.只有建立基于多样化的作物体系、秸秆还田、科学轮作、垄沟种植、二元覆盖和少免耕技术的农作制度,协调农田生产和生态之间的关系,才能够实现甘肃省中东部黄土高原旱作农田水土资源的可持续利用,达到抗旱救灾和农田生产力持续提高的目标.     

基于生态承载力的黄土高原地区城镇体系空间结构演化——以庆阳市为例

庆阳市位于黄土高原中部丘陵沟壑区,气候干旱,生态脆弱。运用生态承载力、城镇体系相关理论和方法,分析研究区城镇体系空间结构演化特点及趋势。采用生态弹性度、资源承载力和承载压力度、对生态承载力的演化进行综合评价,并对生态承载力与城镇空间结构的关系进行探讨。在此基础上,对研究区城镇体系空间结构进行调整优化,为脆弱生态条件下的城镇发展提供依据。     

海河流域控制性河流生态环境需水量研究

文中基于水量、水热、水沙和水盐平衡理论和河流生态功能性划分理念,构建考虑了河流基本生态、自净、输沙和生态景观等功能的河流系统生态环境需水量理论体系。以境内河流监测站水文数据为基础,研究海河流域控制性河流的生态环境需水量,结果表明:该区域地表水资源量尚不能满足河流自净水量,河流生态修复年需水量86.65×108m3/a,城市景观河流生态环境年需水9.0×108m3/a,采取节水措施,减少污染物排放,加强雨水、洪水等非常规水资源开发和调配有望改善现状。     

加快现代植保技术体系建设的对策研究

植保技术体系呈现出病虫害预测预报能力明显提高,防控技术体系日臻完善,农药与药械应用技术稳步发展,植物检疫监管技术基础更加牢固的现状;承载着为领导部门和农民提供病虫灾害防控信息、病虫害科学防控技术指导、农药与药械科学使用监管、依法开展植物疫情管控的重大任务。发展现代植保技术体系,要突出病虫害测报公益性,着力病虫害防控的防灾性,确保农药与药械应用的安全性,关切植物疫情蔓延的毁灭性。建设现代植保技术体系的对策措施是：强化病虫害测报体系与信息网络建设,提升测报技术水平;加强病虫害防控技术支撑与推广能力建设,创新推广模式,大力推进绿色防控;推进农药与药械产品应用技术研发推广和专业化统防统治;加大植物检疫技术研发和执法监管力度。     

新疆石竹亚科的分布系统及区系的研究

本文对新疆石竹亚科所含10属(共计77种,1变种)植物的分布、生境及系统位置作了详细的论述,并与新疆毗邻的哈萨克斯坦作了比较。通过研究指出新疆石竹亚科植物区系组成具有以下特征:(1)种类丰富;(2)属于中亚成分,其中以准噶尔—土兰成分和中亚—新疆—西西伯利亚成分占主要地位;(3)新疆石竹亚科植物区系与哈萨克斯坦近缘;(4)分化较强烈,特有成分丰富;(5)生态型组成复杂;(6)以旧世界温带分布属占主要地位;(7)南北疆分布种数悬殊;(8)单种属丰富。     

基于WebGIS的农田土壤推荐施肥信息系统的初步设计与应用

为了满足提高农业经济效益和生态效益的要求,研究开发了基于WebGIS的农田土壤推荐施肥信息系统.该系统将因特网和GIS技术相结合,应用于农田土壤推荐施肥服务,具有很强的数据采集、施肥信息查询、专题分析、施肥决策、后期预测等功能;人机界面十分友好,可视化程度高,操作简便;通用性好,适用于不同地区的农田土壤推荐施肥服务.