Intensification of New Zealand beef farming systems

This study used whole-farm management, nutrient budgeting/greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and feed formulation computer tools to determine the production, environmental and financial implications of intensifying the beef production of typical New Zealand (NZ) sheep and beef farming systems. Two methods of intensification, feeding maize silage (MS) or applying nitrogen (N) fertiliser, were implemented on two farm types differing in the proportions of cultivatable land to hill land (25% vs. 75% hill). In addition, the consequences of intensification by incorporating a beef feedlot (FL) into each of the farm types were also examined.Feeding MS or applying N fertiliser substantially increased the amount of beef produced per ha. Intensifying production was also associated with increased total N leaching and GHG emissions although there were differences between the methods of intensification. Feeding MS resulted in lower environmental impacts than applying N even after taking into account the land to grow the maize for silage. Based on 2007/08 prices, typical NZ sheep and beef farms were making a financial loss and neither method of intensification increased profitability with the exception of small annual applications of N, especially to the 75% hill farm. These small annual additions of N fertiliser (<50 kg N/ha/yr applied in autumn and late winter) resulted in only small increases in annual N leaching (from 11 to 14 kg N/ha) and GHG emissions (from 3280 to 4000 kg CO₂ equivalents/ha). Limited N applications were particularly beneficial to 75% hill farms because small increases in winter carrying capacity resulted in relatively large increases in the utilisation of pasture growth during spring and summer than the 25% hill farms. Intensification by incorporating a beef feedlot reduced environmental emissions per kg of beef produced but considerably decreased profitability due to higher capital, depreciation and labour costs. The lower land-use capability farm type (75% hill) was able to intensify beef production to a proportionally greater extent than the higher land-use capability farm (25% hill) because of greater potential to increase pasture utilisation associated with a lower initial farming intensity and inherent constraints in the pattern of pasture supply.     

钴圃慢照射小麦不同发育阶段植株的生物学效应

利用钴圃分别慢照射普通小麦减数分裂期前、配子体时期、合子幼胚期的植株。结果表明:照射合子幼胚期对当代(M_1)结实率的影响较小,对下一代(M_2)出苗率的影响较大,M_2代的出苗率可作为选择照射合子幼胚期适宜剂量的主要指标。慢照射当代是辐射损伤的主要世代,M_2代的损伤已很轻,是突变显现的第1个世代。文中讨论了照射植株的世代划分问题。     

高产麦田系统氮肥综合效应研究

研究了山东省桓台县高产麦田系统中N肥对土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)积累及冬小麦产量和吸N量的影响。结果表明,冬小麦收获后施用150kg／hm2N肥的0～90cm土层土壤NO3--N与小麦播种前相比,基本保持平衡;而常规施用300kg／hm2N肥则使0～90cm土层土壤NO3--N含量显著提高,特别是60～90cm土层土壤NO3--N含量上升了39.9kg／m2,对浅层地下水造成潜在污染。建议供试条件下的合理施N肥量为150kg／hm2,这样既兼顾产量,又兼顾生态效益。     

陆地棉同核异质系异源胞质的遗传效应

通过核代换培育了具有亚洲棉(G.arboreum)、草棉(C.herbaceum)、异常棉(G.anomalum)、长萼棉(G.longicalyx)、哈克尼西棉(G.harknesii)、海岛棉(G.barbadense)、和陆地棉(C.hirsutum)野生种系蓬蓬棉(G.h.purpurascens)、墨西哥野生棉(C.h.mexicanum)等8个棉属种和种系胞质的中棉所7号同核系,并培育了中棉所7号自交系。在检验同核异质系核的同质性基础上研究了胞质遗传效应,结果所有供研究的胞质对产量、产量性状及除花器官外的形态特征均没有显著影响,胞质的遗传效应主要表现对花器官及抗枯萎病性的影响;哈克尼西棉胞质导致雄性完全不育并显著增加花药数量,笔形冠长度和直径显著变小,亚洲棉和异常棉胞质引起花药数量显著减少,笔形冠形状发生显著变化,亚洲棉胞质对抗枯萎病有较显著效应。     

From on-farm solid-set sprinkler irrigation design to collective irrigation network design in windy areas

In this paper, a contribution to the design of collective pressurised irrigation networks in solid-set sprinkler-irrigated windy areas is presented. The methodology is based on guaranteeing minimum on-farm performance, using a historical hourly wind speed database and a ballistic solid-set irrigation simulation model. The proposed method was applied to the Montesnegros Irrigation District (central Ebro basin, Spain). The district irrigates an area of 3493 ha using an on-demand schedule. The average wind speed in the area is 2.8 m s⁻¹. An analysis of district water records showed that farmers often reduce water demand when the wind speed is high, but their irrigation decision making is limited by the capacity of the irrigation network and by the unpredictable character of local winds. Simulations were performed for 11 irrigation seasons, 2 triangular sprinkler spacings (18 m × 18 m and 18 m × 15 m), and 2 sprinkler models. The percentage of monthly suitable time for irrigation was determined for four management strategies. The first one was based on a wind speed threshold (3 m s⁻¹), while the other three were based on three levels (standard, relaxed and restrictive) of two irrigation performance parameters: the Christiansen Uniformity Coefficient (CU) and the Wind Drift and Evaporation Losses (WDEL). The standard strategy classified the time as suitable for irrigation when CU ≥ 84% and WDEL ≤ 20%. The thresholds limits of the irrigation parameters for the relaxed strategy were CU ≥ 80% and WDEL ≤ 25%. Finally, the restrictive strategy used thresholds of CU ≥ 90% and WDEL ≤ 15%. The suitable time for the first strategy (56%) was always lower than for the standard and the relaxed strategies (with respective average values of 75 and 86%), and higher than for the restrictive strategy (30%). In order to design the collective network, the hydrant operating time was equalled to the suitable time for irrigation. The differences in the cost of the collective network plus the on-farm equipment were particularly relevant between the restrictive strategy and the other three. Differences in suitable operating time were clear between sprinkler spacings, and less evident between sprinkler models. The application of the proposed methodology may be limited by the availability of historical wind speed records and CU estimates for different combinations of sprinkler models, sprinkler spacings and wind speed.     

生物柴油发展现状、影响与展望

随着第一代生物液体燃料发展规模的迅速扩大,其发展对农产品价格、粮食安全与环境等方面的影响开始显现,并引起了各国政府和学术界的广泛关注。该文在分析世界主要国家生物柴油发展现状、目标与激励政策的基础上,通过对生物柴油生产的原料需要和技术现状分析,探讨了生物柴油发展对农产品价格与环境等方面的可能影响。研究表明：未来生物柴油持续扩张的趋势不可逆转,将对农产品价格产生较大的上涨压力;生物柴油发展对环境和温室气体排放会产生影响,但影响程度与生产方式及其导致的土地利用变化情况密切有关;中国应重点发展林业生物柴油等“非粮”生物液体燃料产业,并建立有利于该产业健康发展的政策规范。     

不同治理措施对流动沙地天然植被恢复效果的影响

流动沙地采取不同治理措施7 a后,天然植被恢复效果不同。①生态垫阻断了天然植被的正常演替规律,植被盖度和物种丰富度只有4.31%和3种。同期营造的人工林中,小叶锦鸡儿和侧柏林地的植被盖度和物种丰富度最高,均大大超过同期封育的流动沙地,新疆杨和欧美杨84林地的植被盖度和物种丰富度最低,沙枣和榆树林地居于中间位置。②新疆杨和欧美杨84林地植被一年生草本占绝对优势,榆树和沙枣林地多年生草本和灌木数量有所增加,侧柏和小叶锦鸡儿林地物种生活型结构已趋于多样化。③集沙观测表明,生态垫、侧柏和小叶锦鸡儿林地均无风蚀现象,欧美杨84和新疆杨林地风蚀较为严重,榆树和沙枣林地风蚀较轻。     

中国农村生物质能利用技术和经济评价

农村生物质能利用技术种类较多,确定各类技术的适用范围及经济性,有利于在农村地区选择合适的技术,促进生物质能利用技术在农村的开发利用。该文提出了户均用能成本的概念和计算方法,对农村户用沼气、养殖场沼气工程、固体成型燃料、秸秆沼气、秸秆气化集中供气等技术进行了技术经济评价。研究结果表明:农村户用沼气技术的经济性最好,其次为固体成型燃料技术,而秸秆气化集中供气技术的经济性最差。随着农村社会经济的发展,认为固体成型燃料技术将逐渐占主导地位,而秸秆沼气技术可以填补由于畜禽粪便短缺而带来的空白。     

2020年曲阜气候概况及影响评价

利用2020年曲阜国家气象观测站气象资料,分析曲阜市气候特征及评价其影响。结果表明2020年全市平均气温偏高,与常年相比呈上升趋势,降水偏多,暴雨日数7天,较常年偏多2.4天,主汛期（7-8月）降雨多且强度大,照偏多。2020年异常天气频发,灾害时有发生,给农业生产和人民生活造成一定程度的影响,共发生自然灾害5次,其中暴雨洪涝灾害4次,雷雨大风1次,灾害影响了小麦、玉米等农作物的产量,造成了不同程度的经济损失。综合分析,本年气象条件较常年属于正常年份,气候因素同时为农作物的生长创造了有利条件,对农业生产的影响利大于弊。     

单一与混合稀土对油菜中重金属富积量的缓解效应研究

以油菜为试材,研究在镉胁迫条件下,单一稀土(La、Ce,Nd、Pr)和混合稀土(常乐)浸种处理对油菜中重金属元素Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Co富积量的缓解效应。结果表明,单一稀土La或Ce对6种重金属元素的富积量缓解作用最大,同时Nd、Pr也表现一定的抑制作用,并随镉胁迫加重,对Cd、Cu元素缓解作用加强,对Zn、Pb、Ni、Co缓解作用减弱。混合稀土对6种重金属元素的富积量表现促进作用(除Ph外)。降低重金属元素累积能力大体以Ce处理最佳,且均不同程度提高了油菜干物质的产量,表明单一稀土对重金属元素富积量的缓解作用优于混合稀土。