长期施肥对旱地土壤中氨氧化微生物丰度和分布的影响

采用基于氨单加氧酶基因(amoA)的荧光定量PCR技术,以黄土高原旱地土为材料,研究长期施肥对土壤氨氧化细菌和氨氧化古菌丰度的影响,并分析环境因素与氨氧化菌丰度的关系。以不施肥土壤为对照(CK),设置3个施肥处理,分别为单施磷肥(P),氮、磷共施(NP)和氮、磷、有机肥共施(NPM)3个处理。结果表明,不同处理氨氧化菌amoA基因拷贝数为1.326×106～1.886×106 g-1,各处理间氨氧化细菌丰度差异不显著;氨氧化古菌的arch-amoA基因拷贝数为1.329×106～4.510×106 g-1,表现为处理NPM>NP>CK>P,NPM处理为对照的3.314倍,二者呈现显著性差异。采用DCCA法对4个处理进行环境相似度分类,结果显示,P和NPM处理、CK和NP处理分别构成了2个相似类群;4个处理和12个环境因子的关联(CCA)分析表明,不同处理中的氨氧化微生物活跃度以及氨氧化过程强度表现为处理NMP>NP>CK>P;不同环境因子和不同施肥处理生境相似度分布存在不同的关系,其中反映氨氧化过程的硝态氮含量、氨氧化细菌和氨氧化古菌丰度,以及代表微生物生长主要环境因素的pH值、含水量、全氮和有机碳含量与不同施肥处理导致的生境相似度的分布关系最为紧密。     

乐安河—鄱阳湖段底泥微塑料的分布特征及其来源

微塑料(粒径5mm)作为一种新型污染物近年来正日益被国际社会普遍关注。以乐安河-鄱阳湖段为研究区,分别选择乐安河上游、乐安河支流(大坞河区)和乐安河中下游等3段不同典型区域,共设置9个采样点,调查并研究乐安河—鄱阳湖段沉积物中微塑料的丰度、组成比例及其来源。结果表明:乐安河-鄱阳湖段沉积物中微塑料的主要成分为碎片类(58.3%)、泡沫类(21.5%),薄膜类(13.8%)、纤维类(6.4%);各样点微塑料的平均丰度值为1 800 ind·kg~(-1),与其他区域的研究结果相比处于中等偏高的水平;乐安河3个典型区域微塑料的平均丰度值分别为上游区1121ind·kg~(-1),其支流大坞河区为2 871 ind·kg~(-1),下游区为1 366 ind·kg~(-1),表现为乐安河支流(大坞河)高于乐安河中下游高于乐安河上游。对乐安河流域微塑料的来源分析表明,乐安河流域微塑料的主要来源为采样地附近工业污染物的排放、流域附近城市生活中塑料垃圾的排放以及人类的渔业活动等等;对分离出来的微塑料进行扫描电镜分析发现微塑料表面粗糙、撕裂程度明显,存在不同程度的风化痕迹;能谱分析结果显示,微塑料表层有Si、Fe、Mg、O、Al、Ca等元素的不同物质形态存在,可能进一步加剧微塑料对环境及其生物的危害性。     

氮硅添加对高寒草甸波伐早熟禾的影响

以青藏高原东缘植物群落常见种波伐早熟禾（Poa poophagorum）为例,研究了不同水平的氮肥、硅肥添加对其多度、地上生物量和叶片全氮含量的影响。结果表明,单独添加氮肥时,随着氮肥浓度的增加,其多度、地上生物量和叶片全氮含量均表现出上升的趋势;单独添加硅肥时,随着硅肥添加浓度的增大,其多度、地上生物量和叶片全氮含量呈现先增大后不变的趋势,其峰值均出现在中浓度硅肥处理（8 g·m^-2）下。氮、硅配施下其地上生物量、多度和叶片全氮含量均存在显著的交互作用,其地上生物量、多度和叶片全氮含量均出现先增加后不变的趋势,且峰值出现在硅肥为8 g·m^-2处。在青藏高原东缘高寒草甸施氮肥时,添加硅肥有利于提高群落中波伐早熟禾的多度、地上生物量和叶片全氮含量,氮肥添加量以90 g·m^-2,硅肥添加量以8 g·m^-2最适宜。     

后河国家级自然保护区昆虫多样性分布调查

选择后河国家级自然保护区3个考察点（茅坪、湾潭、独岭）3种不同环境,以巴氏罐诱法为主,结合网筛、扫网等方法,进行全面的标本采集与数据收集.经初步整理鉴定和数据分析,得到如下结果：①昆虫标本中鳞翅目和直翅目数量较多,其次为鞘翅目、双翅目、同翅目、半翅目、革翅目、膜翅目、脉翅目及等翅目等.此外,多足纲及蛛形纲动物也有相当数量.②昆虫分布与环境的关系非常密切：昆虫纲的鳞翅目、直翅目等的数量分布,则可以显示不同环境对昆虫数量分布的显著影响.     

Non-target effects of the ‘push–pull’ habitat management strategy: Parasitoid activity and soil fauna abundance

We assessed the non-target effects of a habitat management system (‘push–pull’) on maize stemborer specialist natural enemy activity and soil Collembola. Two study sites in western Kenya were sampled. There were two treatments at each site, maize monocrop and ‘push–pull’. The latter comprised an intercrop of maize and Desmodium, Desmodium uncinatum Jacq., with Napier grass, Pennisetum purpureum (Schumach), as a trap crop planted around the edge of the plot (spaced 1 m from main crop). Trichogramma spp. were recovered from stemborer eggs while Cotesia sesamiae and Cotesia flavipes were recovered from stemborer larvae, and Dentichasmias busseolae from pupae. Mean number of eggs parasitized was significantly higher in the maize monocrop than in the ‘push–pull’ plots however proportions parasitized did not differ between the two systems. The number of larvae and pupae parasitized and dead from causes other than parasitism similarly did not differ between cropping systems. Proportions of larvae and pupae parasitized were significantly higher in the ‘push–pull’ than in the monocrop plots, indicating that the activity of larval and pupal parasitoids was enhanced. C. sesamiae female wasps were attracted to the volatiles from Desmodium flowers but not those from the leaves in a four-arm olfactometer bioassay. A total of 1530 individual Collembola in seven families were recovered from the plots. The ‘push-pull’ strategy did not have any significant effect on Collembola abundance and dominance. The factors underlying these observations and their implications are discussed.     

不同利用方式对内蒙古羊草草原氨氧化微生物丰度的影响

草地利用方式变化会显著改变草地的氮素循环,进而影响草原生态系统功能。土壤硝化作用是土壤氮素循环的重要环节,由氨氧化微生物驱动的氨氧化过程是硝化作用的限速步骤,在土壤氮素可利用性等方面起着关键作用。目前,土壤氨氧化微生物对于羊草（Leymus chinensis）草原利用方式变化响应的研究仍然欠缺。本研究应用定量PCR的方法,对内蒙古羊草草原不同利用方式（放牧和围封）下氨氧化微生物丰度及其与硝化潜势的关系进行研究。结果表明：放牧和围封样地的氨氧化古菌（Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea,AOA）丰度均明显高于氨氧化细菌（Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria,AOB）丰度,土壤AOA-amoA和AOB-amoA基因丰度范围分别为每克干土（1.82~3.40）×10⁸个拷贝数和（1.05~1.17）×10⁶个拷贝数;长期围封后,AOA丰度显著下降,下降了46.5%,AOB丰度则无显著变化;长期围封后,羊草草原的硝化潜势显著降低,硝化潜势与AOA丰度呈显著正相关关系,与AOB丰度没有显著性相关。与AOB相比,AOA丰度对于草地利用方式的改变更敏感,可能是影响土壤硝化潜势的优势种群。该研究为理解内蒙古羊草草原硝化过程的微生物机制提供科学依据。     

Effects of macro and micro-environmental factors on the species richness of terrestrial tardigrade assemblages in an Iberian mountain environment

Tardigrade communities are affected by micro and macro-environmental conditions but only micro-environmental variables, and altitudinal gradients have been studied. We review previous reports of altitudinal effects and evaluate the influence by interacting macro- (climate, soils, biome, and others) and micro-environmental (vegetation, moss and leaf litter) factors on tardigrade assemblages at the Sierra de Guadarrama mountain range (Iberian Central System Mountains, Spain). Terrestrial tardigrade assemblages were sampled using standard cores to collect leaf litter and mosses growing on rocks. General Linear Models were used to examine relationships between Tardigrada species richness and abundance, and macro- and micro-environmental variables (altitude, habitat characteristics, local habitat structure and dominant leaf litter type, and two bioclimatic classifications). Variation partitioning techniques were used to separate the effects of altitude and habitat variation, and to quantify the independent influences of climate and soil, vegetation structure and dominant type of leaf litter. Altitude shows a unimodal relationship with tardigrade species richness, although its effect independent of habitat variation is negligible. The best predictors for species richness were bioclimatic classifications. Separate and combined effects of macro-environmental gradients (soil and climate), vegetation structure and leaf litter type are important determinants of richness. A model including both macro- and micro-environmental variables explained nearly 60% of tardigrade species richness in micro-scale plots. Abundance was significantly related only to soil composition and leaf litter type. Tardigrade abundance was not explained by macro-environmental gradients analysed here, despite a significant correlation between abundance and richness.     

Population Status and Resin Quality of Frankincense Boswellia neglecta (Burseraceae) Growing in South Omo,Southwestern Ethiopia

ABSTRACT

A study was conducted in South Omo Zone, Ethiopia with the aim of assessing the population status of the frankincense tree Boswellia neglecta and investigating its resin essential oil chemical composition. The status of populations of B. neglecta was assessed by examining the density, abundance, frequency, dominance, importance value index, and population structure. Resin sample was analyzed for the physicochemical properties. The composition of the essential oil was analyzed with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. The high values of density, abundance, frequency, dominance, and importance value index for B. neglecta showed the potential of the tree for bulk resin collection. Boswellia neglecta had a bell-shaped diameter distribution indicating a hampered regeneration. The B. neglecta resin had a moisture content of 2.68%, ash content of 0.99%, pH of 5.7, and oil yield of 5.92%. The resin possessed good quality as compared to resins in other reports. The essential oil was optically active (?31.6° at 23.2°C). The essential oil contained several compounds, but 71.1% of the composition were formed mainly from methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, methyl palmitate, which have not been reported from B. neglecta. Sustainable management must be enacted since the agro-pastoralist mode of life hinders regeneration of the species and its resin resources.     

彬县耕地土壤速效养分丰缺状况调查

[目的]探索陕西省彬县耕地土壤的养分和质量,为配方施肥、优化农业生产布局提供参考。[方法]通过走访调查,采集冬小麦和夏玉米耕地土样,测定碱解氮、速效钾、有效磷含量,建立冬小麦和夏玉米耕地土壤养分丰缺指标体系,分析土壤养分丰缺现状及各养分分布情况。[结果]对冬小麦、夏玉米地块而言,土壤碱解氮和有效磷含量水平分布均以低水平为主,速效钾含量水平分布则以高水平为主。[结论]彬县农田主要养分限制因子是氮和磷,因此今后应加强氮、磷肥的施用。     

长江口沿岸碎波带仔稚鱼分布的季节性变动

为进一步探明长江口沿岸碎波带仔稚鱼种类组成和数量分布的季节性变化特征,2006年11月至2007年10月,在长江口沿岸碎波带的13个站位用小型拖网(1 m×4 m,网目1 mm)共采集到仔稚鱼77种,隶属于13目27科63属。各季节出现仔稚鱼种数分别为37、20、13和7种。仔稚鱼是以暖温性种类占绝对优势,按生态类型划分,河口性和淡水性种类为主,其次为海洋性种类,洄游性种类最少。根据优势度曲线可看出,夏季优势种最突出,秋季优势种最不明显。夏季与秋季的共有种最多,均为27种;冬季与春季,冬季与秋季间的共有种最少,均为11种。从数量分布来看,冬季仔稚鱼数量最少,且分布较分散,春季数量有明显增加,夏季数量达最大值,且分布趋于集中。在低盐和淡水的站位St.4、St.5、St.7和St.10,形成了以刀鲚为主要种类的仔稚鱼密集区,平均密度高达2 729尾/站。