丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对沙棘抗旱性的影响

采用组织化学技术研究了水分胁迫条件下丛枝菌根真菌中碱性磷酸酶活性对宿主沙棘抗旱性的影响。结果表明,菌根内总菌丝量＞功能菌丝量＞活性菌丝量,总菌丝和功能菌丝是活性菌丝的基础,对宿主生物量积累起重要作用的是活性菌丝;具有磷酸酶活性的菌丝对沙棘生长和抗旱作用最强,随着碱性磷酸酶活性的提高,宿主林木鲜重增加,萎蔫系数降低。活性菌丝通过直接参与宿主林木磷素营养物质的交换,改善林木养分和水分状况,提高林木抗旱性。     

盐胁迫下AMF对枳实生苗生长及生理代谢的影响

为揭示丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）对增强枳实生苗耐盐性的作用,以期为盐渍土条件下提高柑橘生长提供依据。在正常水分和盐胁迫（100 mmol /L NaCl）下,研究接种Funneliformis mosseae对盆栽枳实生苗生长和生理代谢的影响。结果显示：接种AMF显著提高了盐胁迫下枳的株高、叶片数、总鲜重、二级和三级侧根数、根系总长、投影面积、表面积和体积;接种AMF还显著提高了盐胁迫下枳叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素的含量,以及枳根系和叶片的蔗糖含量。此外,盐胁迫下接种AMF显著抑制了叶片MDA和H2O2以及根系H2O2和O2?－的积累,显著提高了盐胁迫下根系和叶片Cu/Zn-SOD、Mn-SOD、POD和CAT的活性以及根系Fe-SOD活性。本研究表明盐胁迫下接种AMF的植株维持了更高的植物生长、根系发育、光合色素、蔗糖含量和抗氧化酶活性,因而具有高的耐盐性。     

土著AMF与氮形态对辣椒||菜豆间作系统植株氮利用及其影响因素研究

近年来设施辣椒连作障碍日益突出,其中氮肥的大量不合理施用和高残留是限制辣椒高产、优质栽培的主要因素之一。研究土著丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF)与间作体系强化蔬菜对不同形态氮(N)的利用并结合土壤菌丝密度、N形态及酶活性的反馈作用,可为设施土壤N素的高效利用和降低土壤N残留提供依据。本研究采用盆栽试验,设置辣椒||菜豆间作和各自单作种植模式,不同AMF处理[不接种(NM)、接种土著AMF]和不同形态N处理[不施N(N0)、无机氮(碳酸氢铵120mg·kg~(-1),ION)和有机氮(谷氨酰胺120 mg·kg~(-1),ON)],探讨了设施条件下接种土著AMF、施用不同形态N与间作对辣椒、菜豆根围土壤菌根建成、酶活性及N利用的影响。结果表明,与NM相比,接种土著AMF使设施辣椒、菜豆植株生物量及N吸收量显著增加(除菜豆单作-ON处理),显著降低土壤NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N含量。无论施用何种形态N,均显著增加辣椒、菜豆植株生物量(除菜豆单作-AMF处理)及N吸收量,表现为ONION。与单作-ON-AMF处理相比,间作-ON-AMF处理下的辣椒N吸收量显著增加39.9%、菜豆N吸收量显著增加93.0%。对N利用影响因子的分析结果表明,间作协同接种土著AMF较大程度上增加了土壤有机质含量及蛋白酶、脲酶、硝酸还原酶活性。相关性分析显示,辣椒、菜豆植株N吸收量与AMF侵染率呈极显著正相关关系,而土壤NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量则与AMF侵染率呈现一定的负相关关系。此外,土壤蛋白酶、脲酶和硝酸还原酶活性与辣椒、菜豆植株N吸收量呈正相关关系。可见,所有复合处理中,以间作体系接种土著AMF与施用适量有机氮的组合明显促进了设施辣椒、菜豆生长和N素利用。     

Additive and interactive effects of functionally dissimilar soil organisms on a grassland plant community

The productivity and diversity of plant communities are affected by soil organisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), root herbivores and decomposers. However, it is unknown how interactions between such functionally dissimilar soil organisms affect plant communities and whether the combined effects are additive or interactive. In a greenhouse experiment we investigated the individual and combined effects of AMF (five Glomus species), root herbivores (wireworms and nematodes) and decomposers (collembolans and enchytraeids) on the productivity and nutrient content of a model grassland plant community as well as on soil microbial biomass and community structure. The effects of the soil organisms on productivity (total plant biomass), total root biomass, grass and forb biomass, and nutrient uptake of the plant community were additive. AMF decreased, decomposers increased and root herbivores had no effect on productivity, but in combination the additive effects canceled each other out. AMF reduced total root biomass by 18%, but decomposers increased it by 25%, leading to no net effect on total root biomass in the combined treatments. Total shoot biomass was reduced by 14% by root herbivores and affected by an interaction between AMF and decomposers where decomposers had a positive impact on shoot growth only in presence of AMF. AMF increased the shoot biomass of forbs, but reduced the shoot biomass of grasses, while root herbivores only reduced the shoot biomass of grasses. Interactive effects of the soil organisms were detected on the shoot biomasses of Lotus corniculatus, Plantago lanceolata, and Agrostis capillaris. The C/N ratio of the plant community was affected by AMF.In soil, AMF promoted abundances of bacterial, actinomycete, saprophytic and AMF fatty acid markers. Decomposers alone decreased bacterial and actinomycete fatty acids abundances but when decomposers were interacting with herbivores those abundances were increased. Our results suggests that at higher resolutions, i.e. on the levels of individual plant species and the microbial community, interactive effects are common but do not affect the overall productivity and nutrient uptake of a grassland plant community, which is mainly affected by additive effects of functionally dissimilar soil organisms.     

不同土壤类型下AM 真菌分布多样性及与土壤因子的关系

以禾本科植物群落为研究对象, 研究了宁夏六盘山林地、银川农耕地、暖泉农耕地、固原农耕地、盐池沙地、灵武沙地6 个采样地点5 种土壤类型(黑垆土、灌淤土、黄绵土、灰钙土、风沙土)下AM 真菌物种多样性及其与土壤因子的关系。结果表明: 5 种土壤类型采样点的植被根际土壤中共鉴定出5 属48 种AM真菌, 其中, 无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)1 种, 巨孢囊霉属(Gigaspora)3 种, 球囊霉属(Glomus)37 种, 类球囊霉属(Paraglomus)1 种, 盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)6 种, 各采样点土壤均以球囊霉属为优势属。地球囊霉(G.geosporum)和木薯球囊霉(G. manihotis)是6 个采样地点中的优势种。不同土壤类型各采样点AM 真菌各属的频度存在明显差异, 球囊霉属在各点均有出现, 频度值最高。具有较高植被多样性的暖泉样点, AM 真菌的种属数量较多。土壤环境因子对AM 真菌孢子密度的影响因所处土壤、植被类型不同而异。pH、全盐、速效钾、速效磷等土壤肥力因子, 在PCA 轴上能最大程度地解释AM 真菌孢子密度与土壤环境因子之间相互关系的大部分信息。宁夏不同土壤类型区域中AM 真菌种类及分布一定程度上与该采样点的植被类型、植物多样性和土壤肥力特征相对应。     

转Bt基因作物对丛枝菌根真菌的影响研究进展

在过去的十年里，世界范围内转基因作物尤其是抗虫性转Bt基因作物的品种和种植面积迅速增加。同时，转Bt基因作物的环境安全性评价问题成为人们关注和研究的热点。丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）是生态系统中普遍存在的土壤微生物，能与绝大多数植物种类形成共生关系，在农业生态系统中起重要作用。转Bt基因作物环境释放后，其与AMF问的共生关系是否受所转入Bt基因的影响，以及影响机制需要及时研究。为此，综述了转Bt基因作物与AMF共生特征方面的研究进展，并根据Bt毒素发生的空间和时间规律提出了危害机制以及转Bt基因植物的规模化种植将降低农田系统中的AMF的生物多样性的观点。     

Colonization, ALP activity and plant growth promotion of native and exotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at low pH

Soil acidity can affect arbuscular mucorrhizal fungi (AMF) in many aspects. In this study, by inoculating white clover (Trifolium ripens L.) with AMF at two pH levels (pH 5.0 and 6.0), we investigated the influences of low pH on the colonization, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and promoting effect of AMF, and also compared the different responses of native AMF community and exotic species (Gigaspora margarita) to low pH. PCR-DGGE profiles revealed the obvious difference in native AMF community structure between low and high pH. Compared to low pH, high pH decreased the total and vesicle colonization, external hyphae length density of native AMF, but exerted no effect on those of exotic AMF. For both native and exotic AMF, high pH enhanced the proportions of arbuscule and fungal structure with ALP activity in colonized roots. Both native and exotic AMF promoted the shoot biomass, with greater increase at low pH than at high pH. Plant growth was more dependent on exotic AMF than on native AMF at both pH levels. The same trends were observed in P uptake as in biomass. Our study suggested that the increase in pH can exert inhibitory effects on AMF species native to acidic soil, including ecological (community structure), functional (ALP activity) and developmental (hyphal length, vesicle and arbuscule percentage, total colonization) aspects, but have no effect on exotic species in the present experiment.     

鄂尔多斯高原不同生境锦鸡儿属植物AMF多样性

为探明鄂尔多斯高原锦鸡儿属(Caragana)植物根围丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)资源状况,对鄂尔多斯高原8种锦鸡儿属植物根际进行了调查.共分离到AMF 6属34种,其中球囊霉属(Glomus)在各采样点相对多度最高,其次是无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora);锦鸡儿属植物种类对AMF物种多样性具有重要影响,中间锦鸡儿Shannon指数最高(2.85),柠条锦鸡儿Simpson指数最高(0.93),两指数最低均为狭叶锦鸡儿(分别为1.64和0.78);幼套球囊霉(Glomus etunicatum)是桌子山样地的优势种,波状无梗囊霉(Acaulospora undulata)是千里山样地的优势种;毛乌素沙地北缘C.roborovskyi根际孢子密度仅为8.8个/50g土,远低于毛乌素沙地腹地C.roborovskyi根际14.2个/50g土.结果表明,锦鸡儿属植物与AMF有良好的共生关系,鄂尔多斯高原锦鸡儿属植物AMF具有丰富的多样性.     

丛枝菌根真菌减少污染土壤Cd淋溶流失的效应研究

为研究丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）对玉米生长与镉（Cd）吸收、土壤团粒组成、壤中流Cd浓度和Cd淋溶流失的影响,本研究以云南兰坪铅锌矿周边Cd污染农田土壤为基质,玉米为宿主植物,设置接种和不接种AMF处理,开展室内盆栽试验。结果表明：与不接种AMF（CK）相比,接种AMF显著增加玉米生物量,降低植株Cd含量与吸收量。接种AMF显著增加0~40 cm土层总球囊霉素相关蛋白（T-GRSP）和易提取球囊霉素相关蛋白（EE-GRSP）的含量,导致粒径（R）>0.25 mm土壤团聚体含量增加55%,R<0.25 mm团聚体含量降低,土壤有效态Cd含量降低26%~43%。接种AMF导致0~30 cm土层壤中流Cd浓度下降14%~22%,Cd淋溶流失量降低29%。相关分析发现：R>0.85 mm的团聚体含量与T-GRSP含量呈显著正相关,R>0.25 mm的团聚体含量与壤中流Cd浓度、Cd淋溶流失量呈极显著负相关;有效态Cd含量与壤中流Cd浓度、Cd淋溶流失量呈极显著和显著正相关。研究表明,与CK相比,接种AMF不仅能增加土壤球囊霉素相关蛋白和大团聚体的含量,而且有助于降低土壤有效态Cd含量与壤中流Cd浓度,减少Cd的淋溶流失,AMF对土壤Cd淋溶流失效应具有重要影响。     

太白山自然保护区AM真菌资源调查研究

报道了太白山自然保护区AM真菌资源调查结果,共获AM真菌35种,隶属4个属。其中,球囊霉属(Glomus)29种(包括3种中国新纪录种和6种未定种),无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)4种,内养囊属(Entrophospora)、巨孢囊霉属(Gigaspora)各1种。并对AM真菌在不同土壤带的资源组成及其生态分布进行了分析。主要分布于北方碱性土中的摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)在太白山自然保护区的偏酸性土壤中广泛分布。