Effects of Different Irrigation Levels and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF), Photosynthesis Activator,Traditional Fertilizer on Yield and Growth Parameters of Dry Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) in Arid Climatic Conditions

A field experiment has been conducted to determine the effects of different irrigation water and AMF (Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi) biofertilizer, photosynthesis activator and traditional fertilizer dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) on yield and growth parameters in Nevsehir Province of Turkey in 2015. The experiment has been carried out using three replications in a split plot design with three different irrigation types as main plots and AMF biofertilizer (ERS), photosynthesis activator (Multigreen-Mg), traditional fertilization (TF-Control), ERS + Mg, ERS + TF and TF + Mg applied as subplots. The number of pods per plant, the length of pods, the number of grains per pod, the weight of grains per plant, the yield of grains, 1000 seed weight, the number of grains per plant, protein yield, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi rate have been evaluated as yield and growth criteria in the study. In the experiment, as well as the treatment x irrigation interaction, the plant height, pod number per plant, pod lenght, grain number per pod, grain weight per plant, grain yield, 1000 seed weight, grain number per plant, protein rate/grain, protein yield, root weight and AMF colonization parameters, were the other studied properties that were found to be significant. The results obtained were 877.6 mm for I₁₀₀ irrigation treatment, 512.2 mm for I₅₀ irrigation treatment and 40.19 mm water for I₃₀ irrigation treatment. Regarding the growth parameters of dry bean, the highest PH was in ERS + Mg (67.66 cm), the lowest PH was in ERS (54.33 cm); In I₅₀, the highest Plant Height (PH) was in ERS + Mg (65.66 cm), the lowest PH was in TF-Control (53.00 cm); and in I₃₀, the highest PH was in TF-Control (50.66 cm), and the lowest PH was again in ERS + Mg (44.33 cm). For protein yield (PY) value, ERS + Mg, ERS + TF, TF + Mg have been placed in the same group, in I₁₀₀ and I₅₀ irrigation treatment. The highest value was ERS + TF (34.90 kg da^?1) in I₁₀₀, The lowest value was TF-control (19.90 kg da^?1) in I₃₀ irrigation treatment. In terms of mycorrhiza colonization ratio, ERS has been ranked first in all irrigation treatments, while the highest mycorrhiza colonization has been observed in I₃₀ irrigation treatment (26.30%). ERS was followed by ERS + Mg (23.33%). As expected, the lowest mycorrhiza colonization ratio in all irrigation treatments have been observed in TF-control treatment, while the highest mycorrhiza colonization ratio has been respectively observed in I₃₀ and I₅₀ irrigation topics. The highest root weight (RW) in I₁₀₀ irrigation treatment was observed in ERS (15.06 g plant^?1) and it was observed in ERS (19.05 g plant^?1; 26.30 g plant^?1) in I₅₀ and I₃₀ irrigation treatments. The lowest RW in all irrigation treatments has been observed in TF + Mg (4.43 g plant^?1, 6.40 g plant^?1, 10.26 g plant^?1), respectively.     

A simple method to obtain endophytic microorganisms from field-collected roots

We describe a simple technique for obtaining endophytic microorganisms from field-collected roots. Roots of plant species were surfaced-sterilized, cut into pieces, and then each root piece was transferred to drops of Gel-Gro medium. The number of segments with bacteria and fungi was quantified and those with bacteria and dark septate endophytic (DSE) fungi were plated onto tryptic soy agar (TSA) and malt extract agar (MEA), respectively. When arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) grew from root segments, they were inoculated into Ri T-DNA-transformed carrot root cultures. Eight different species of bacteria and five dark septate endophytes were isolated. Thirty AMF isolates were identified and continuous pure cultures established. This easy and inexpensive approach allowed us to culture various endophytic microorganisms in an in vitro system saving time and space.     

丛枝菌根真菌对温室黄瓜生长及产量品质的影响

以黄瓜为材料于温室盆栽条件下,研究丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizas fungi,AMF)Glomous ver-siforme(GV)对黄瓜生长的影响。结果表明:苗期接种GV真菌后可提高黄瓜的株高,叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素及可溶性糖含量;提高了黄瓜产量;黄瓜中总糖、干物质重量和维生素C、N、P、K、Zu、Cu等营养物质含量也有增加。     

丛植菌根在尾矿废弃地生态恢复中的试验研究

矿产资源的大规模开发,导致大面积尾矿废弃地的产生,已引起严重的生态环境问题。通过模拟生物学试验探讨了丛枝菌根真菌在植物适应尾矿逆境和尾矿植被重建中的潜在作用。采用铁尾矿盆栽的方法对接种丛枝菌根真菌的大豆生长、菌根侵染率及尾矿养分变化进行了研究。试验结果表明,接种菌根的大豆侵染率较高,且大豆根系接种菌根的大豆根系氮、磷、钾含量高于对照（CK）,最高高出对照2倍以上,在接种不同含量的菌根真菌的试验中（10 g-25 g-50 g）,大豆的生长量和养分含量均呈现“低-高-低”的现象。通过试验,接种丛枝菌根真菌能够很好地促进大豆在铁尾矿中的生长,提高大豆对尾矿中营养物质的吸收,对尾矿生态复垦起到了积极作用。试验将菌根技术引入到铁尾矿库的生态恢复研究中,利用植物与丛枝菌根相互用,使植物能够更好地在铁尾矿中生长,为铁尾矿废弃地的生态恢复提出了新思路。     

丛枝菌根真菌对茶树抗旱性的影响

利用盆栽试验开展茶树接种地表球囊霉(Glomus versi forme)、根内球囊霉(Glomus intrardices)及摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)对抗旱性的影响研究。结果表明:水分胁迫下,接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)能显著提高茶树植株的生物量;提高脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白的质量分数;增强超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性,提高还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的质量分数,并降低O_2~-和H_2O_2的质量分数,降低丙二醛(MDA)质量摩尔浓度和电解质渗透率,且地表囊球霉处理效果最好。接种AMF可以提高渗透调节能力和抗氧化能力,清除活性氧,保护膜结构和功能,缓解水分胁迫对茶树的伤害,促进茶树生长,增强茶树的抗旱性。     

AMF对紫花苜蓿抗盐生理特性的影响

试验选用3种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)接种苜蓿品种金皇后,研究了5个梯度NaCl(0、50、100、150和200 mmol/L)对金皇后苜蓿抗盐生理特性的影响。结果表明:金皇后苜蓿的脯氨酸含量和可溶性糖含量随着NaCl浓度的增加总体呈先升高后降低的趋势,在100 mmol/L NaCl处理下达到最高,接种Gm真菌的二者含量分别为6.37和1.91μg/g;金皇后丙二醛(MDA)含量随着NaCl浓度的增加呈升高趋势,且在4个NaCl浓度之间差异显著;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性随着NaCl浓度的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,在150 mmol/L NaCl处理下二者活性下降,接种Gm真菌的2种抗氧化酶活性分别比处理组下降了48.48%和43.71%;同时金皇后在盐环境下光合指标的变化幅度较大,其中Ci随着NaCl浓度的增加而增加,P_n,G_s和T_r随着NaCl浓度的增加而下降;金皇后最大耐盐程度为150 mmol/L NaCl,且接种摩西球囊霉(Gm)效果优于幼套球囊酶(Ge)和根内球囊霉(Gi)。     

Effect of Inoculation with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Utilization in Upland Rice-Mungbean Intercropping System

The effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi （AMF） on plant growth and nutrition utilization in upland rice and mungbean intercropping system was studied. A pot experiment was conducted in the greenhouse and AMF colonization rates of rice and mungbean roots, plant nutrient contents, the ability of nitrogen fixation, and nutrient contents changed in the soil were analyzed. The results were obtained as follows： the rates of AMF colonization of rice and mungbean roots were reached to 14.47 and 92.2% in intercopping system, and increased by 4.11 and 11.95% compared with that of in monocropping; the nirtrogen contents of mungbean and rice were increased by 83.72 and 64.83% in shoots, and 53.76 and 41.29% in roots, respectively, while the contents of iron in shoot and root of mungbean were increased by 223.08 and 60.19%, respectively. In the intercropping system with inoculation of AMF, the biomass of mungbean increased by 288.8%. However, the biomass of rice was not significantly changed among all treatments with or without inoculation of AMF recorded. The number and dry weight of nodules were significantly increased either when mungbean was intercropped with rice or inoculated with AMF. When compared with that of monocropping without AMF inoculation, the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and iron in nodules of intercropping mungbean with inoculation increased by 80.14, 69.54 and 39.62%, respectively. Additionally, intercropping with AMF inoculation significantly increased soil nitrogen content, but reduced soil phosphorus content. We concluded that upland rice-mungbean intercropping system and inoculation with AMF improved the nutrient uptake, the ability of nitrogen fixation and the growth of mungbean.     

Differential growth response of Curculigo orchioides to native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) communities varying in number and fungal components

The study reports diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) species in the rhizosphere of an endangered anticancerous herb – Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. in its natural habitat. A total of 18 species of AMF, belonging to three genera (Acaulospora, Glomus and Gigaspora) were recorded, with Glomus microcarpum being the most abundant species type. The AMF species composition across the study sites appeared to be influenced by soil pH rather than soil P and vegetation. Acaulospora laevis spores were restricted to sites where the soil pH was acidic. The effectiveness of these native AMF species on growth performance of C. orchioides plants was compared under experimental conditions. In general, the mycorrhizal plants were superior in most of the evaluated parameters, but the extent to which the growth of mycorrhizal plants was influenced varied with the inocula used. The plants inoculated with mixed consortia containing maximum AMF species richness exhibited improved growth in comparison to consortia containing lower AMF diversity and monospecies cultures. The variable plant responses observed with any two consortia having same species richness in the present study could be due to variable component AMF species and their relative abundance. These results emphasize the need to protect the below-ground diversity of AMF and recommend their usage for restoration practices.     

接种丛枝菌根真菌对玉米秸秆降解的影响

为研究接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对玉米秸秆降解的影响,利用玉米秸秆为材料制成网袋,采用盆栽试验,以玉米(Zea mays L.)为宿主植物,分别接种Glomus intraradices和Glomus mosseae,于30,40,50,60d时收获后分析玉米秸秆降解量和C、N释放量,并运用Olson的指数模型Bt/B0=e-kt计算玉米秸秆及C、N的降解系数。数据表明,接种G.intraradices、G.mosseae显著提高了玉米秸秆降解量和降解系数,与不接种处理相比,分别高出5.21%,6.26%。C释放量、碳素降解系数也明显增加。接种处理减少了N释放量,且氮素降解系数随时间延长而下降。接种处理玉米秸秆的C、N降解系数不同直接反映了其降解速度的差异,进而影响了玉米秸秆的C/N,使秸秆更易于降解。研究结果显示出丛枝菌根真菌在生态系统氮循环中具有重要意义。