不同生境下Epichlo(e) gansuensis对醉马草根际土壤丛枝菌根真菌的影响

本研究通过根系染色和根际土壤丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)孢子形态学鉴定分析了榆中栽培(内生真菌感染,endophyte-infected,E+;无内生真菌感染,endophyte-free,E-)和野生条件下醉马草(Achnatherum inebrians)根系丛枝菌根侵染率、根际土壤中孢子密度以及AMF的多样性.结果表明,栽培条件AMF侵染率显著高于野生条件(P<0.05).栽培条件下,甘肃内生真菌(Epichlo(e) gansuensis)对醉马草AMF侵染率具有显著促进作用(P<0.05);栽培条件下土壤孢子密度显著低于野生条件(P<0.05),栽培条件下内生真菌对醉马草根及土壤孢子密度具有显著促进作用(P<0.05).栽培条件下共发现3属9种,其中E+根际土壤中球囊霉属(Glomus)6种和无梗囊霉属(Gigaspora)1种,E-根际土壤中球囊霉属(Glomus)3种,其中无梗囊霉属(Gigaspora)1种和盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)1种;在野生条件下共发现AMF 2属9种,其中球囊霉属8种和巨孢囊霉属1种,两种生长条件下球囊霉属所占比例均最大.野生条件下,AMF群落组成丰富度显著高于栽培条件(P<0.05);栽培条件下,内生真菌对AMF群落组成丰富度无显著影响(P>0.05).以上结果表明,内生真菌和生长条件对AMF侵染以及AMF多样性有显著影响.     

减量施氮与间作模式对甜玉米AMF侵染和大豆结瘤及作物氮磷吸收的影响

通过4季(2014年秋季,2015年春、秋,2016年春季)大田定位试验,对比研究了两种施氮水平[300 kg·hm~(-2)(N1:减量施氮)和360 kg·hm~(-2)(N2:常规施氮)]和4种种植模式[甜玉米|菜用大豆2∶3(S2B3)、2∶4(S2B4)间作、甜玉米单作(SS)和菜用大豆单作(SB)]对华南地区甜玉米和大豆产量、甜玉米AMF侵染率、大豆根瘤菌等的影响。结果表明,减量施氮间作处理的甜玉米产量显著高于单作。2016年春季S2B3-N1处理大豆的根瘤数显著高于S2B3-N2处理;4季减量施氮和间作处理对大豆根瘤干重均没有显著影响。2015年春秋两季两种施氮水平间作处理的甜玉米生物量和氮含量均显著高于相应的单作处理;且减量施氮间作模式甜玉米AMF侵染率显著高于常规施氮处理。2015年秋季减量施氮间作模式处理甜玉米的磷含量显著高于单作处理。减量施氮与间作菜用大豆显著提高了甜玉米氮和磷含量、AMF侵染率、生物量及产量,是华南地区甜玉米资源高效利用的可持续生产模式。     

丛枝菌根真菌对番茄苗期生长及矿质营养吸收的作用

以烘干粉碎后的秸秆与灭菌后的土壤配制成栽培基质,接种5种丛枝菌根菌种接种剂进行番茄栽培试验。结果表明,各种丛枝菌根共生微生物接种后对番茄幼苗生长发育和矿质元素吸收有很好的改善和促进作用,特别是对P、K吸收作用显著,对番茄干质量有明显增加作用。通过对番茄菌根侵染情况分析发现根部丛枝菌根侵染率(F)以Glomusmosseae-1和G.mosseae-2最高,可达30%以上,而丛枝菌根形成率(a)则以G.mosseae-2最高,促进番茄生长效果最好的菌种亦为G.mosseae-2。     

丛枝菌根真菌对西南岩溶地区干旱及干湿交替下金银花根系生长的影响

近年来我国西南岩溶地区干旱频发、干湿交替现象严重,植被生存环境恶劣,植被恢复困难,石漠化程度呈加剧之势。丛枝菌根真菌能与植物根系形成互惠共生关系,对植物生长发育及抗逆性有积极影响。研究表明,丛枝菌根真菌能够提高植物的抗旱性。然而,丛枝菌根真菌是否能够提高宿主植物对干湿交替等多变环境的耐受性,目前并没有见到相关报道。以西南岩溶地区适生植物金银花为研究对象,利用盆栽控制实验,采用3因素(接种、水分处理、干旱时间处理)随机区组设计,研究了接种丛枝菌根--摩西管柄囊霉对不同干旱及干湿交替条件下金银花根系形态参数及根系生物量的影响。结果表明:短时间的干旱促进了未接种真菌的金银花根系长度、根系表面积和根系体积等形态参数,根系生物量增加,且复水对植物有一定补偿作用;但长期干旱后植株根长、根表面积和根体积等所有根系形态参数均降低,根系生物量显著下降,即长期干旱对金银花的根系生长产生了严重的抑制作用,且复水补偿作用因干旱的严重抑制作用而丧失。短时间干旱降低了接种植株的根长、根表面积和根体积等根系生长参数,根系生物量不变;复水后接种植株仍然具有补偿生长作用,其原因可能与菌根泡囊结构有关。随着干旱处理时间的延长,接种植物的根系也受到伤害,复水补偿能力丧失。可见,菌根真菌促进了喀斯特干旱和干湿交替条件下金银花的根系生长,且在干旱条件下促进作用更加显著,但与干旱时间和干旱强度并没有交互作用。      

不同丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对Co污染土壤下番茄生长和核素富集的影响

[目的]研究不同丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对Co污染土壤下番茄生长和核素富集的影响。[方法]通过盆栽试验研究了Glomus geosporum(G.g)、Glomus mosseae(G.m)、Glomus versiforme(G.v)和Glomus diaphanum(G.d)4种AMF对Co污染土壤下番茄生长特性与吸收土壤重金属Co,以及对土壤中Co的活化能力的影响。[结果]AMF接种处理都提高了番茄株高、茎粗、地上部干重和地下部干重等生长指标(P0.05),G.m+G.v混合接种处理增加最大,较对照分别增加了17.23%、20.96%、44.02%和70.31%;AMF接种处理显著增加了土壤重金属Co的有效态含量,同时明显提高了番茄的富集系数和转运系数,地下部分和地上部分富集Co能力最强时分别达到131.24和155.42 mg/kg,是对照组的2.50和2.84倍;各处理番茄地下部分的重金属浓度要高于地上部中的浓度,番茄植株Co含量与土壤有效态Co之间呈显著性正相关(P0.05)。[结论]综合来看,不同AMF接种能有效活化土壤溶液中Co,促进植物吸收、转运重金属。     

水分胁迫下丛枝菌根真菌对紫穗槐生长和抗旱性的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了水分胁迫下接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对紫穗槐生长和抗旱性的影响。结果表明:不同 水分条件下,接种植株的株高、根系活力、地上和地下干质量高于对照;水分胁迫下菌根侵染率显著高于正常供水 下菌根侵染率;接种AMF 可以显著增加不同胁迫时期叶片脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的积累,尤其到胁迫后 期,中度胁迫和重度胁迫下接种植株脯氨酸含量大幅升高;接种AMF 可以显著提高抗氧化酶活性,并且使其维持 在一个较高水平。随着土壤相对含水量下降,Fv / Fm 降低,接种植株始终高于对照;随着水分胁迫时间的延长, ETR、qL 在中期下降,对照植株后期不能回升到原有水平,而接种植株可以恢复到接近前期水平;不同水分条件下, 接种植株NPQ 始终低于对照。研究表明:干旱条件下,接种AMF 可以稳定叶绿素荧光参数,并且通过提高根系活 力、植株体内渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶的活性来促进紫穗槐生长,提高抗旱性。      

Response of Different Crops to Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungal Inoculation in Phosphorus-Deficient Soil

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have the capability to improve crop yields by increasing plant nutrient supply. A pot experiment was conducted under natural conditions to determine the response of AMF inoculation on the growth of maize (Zea mays L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.), mash bean (Vigna mungo L.), and mung bean (Vigna radiata. L.) crops during 2008. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design in three replications using phosphorus (P)–deficient soil. Three plants were grown in 10 kg soil up to the stage of maximum growth for 70 days. Spores of AMF were isolated from rhizosphere of freshly growing wheat and berseem crops and mixed with sterilized soil with fine particles. Crops were inoculated in the presence of indigenous mycorrhiza with the inoculum containing 20 g sterilized soil mixed with 40–50 AMF spores. Inoculation with AMF improved yield and nutrient uptake by different crops significantly over uninoculated crops. Inoculated millet crop showed 20% increase in shoot dry matter and 21% in root dry matter when compared with other inoculated crops. Increases of 67% in plant nitrogen (N) and iron (Fe) were observed in millet, 166% in plant P uptake was observed in mash beans, 186% in zinc (Zn) was measured in maize, and 208% in copper (Cu) and 48% in manganese (Mn) were noted in sorghum crops. Maximum root infection intensity of 35% by AMF and their soil spore density were observed in millet crop followed by 32% in mash beans. Results suggest that inoculation of AMF may play a role in improving crop production and the varied response of different crops to fungi signifies the importance of evaluating the compatibility of the fungi and plant host species.     

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation and phosphorus supply on the growth and nutrient uptake of Kandelia obovata (Sheue,Liu & Yong) seedlings in autoclaved soil

This study evaluated the interactive effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation and exogenous phosphorus supply on soil phosphotases, plant growth, and nutrient uptake of Kandelia obovata (Sheue, Liu & Yong). We aimed to explore the ecophysiological function of AMF in mangrove wetland ecosystems, and to clarify the possible survival mechanism of mangrove species against nutrient deficiency. K. obovata seedlings with or without AMF inoculation (mixed mangrove AMF), were cultivated for six months in autoclaved sediment medium which was supplemented with KH₂PO₄ (0, 15, 30, 60, 120 mg kg−¹). Then the plant growth, nitrogen and phosphorus content, root vitality, AMF colonization and soil phosphatase activity were analyzed. The inoculated AMF successfully infected K. obovata roots, developed intercellular hyphae, arbuscular (Arum-type), and vesicle structures. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization ranged from 9.04 to 24.48%, with the highest value observed under 30 and 60 mg kg⁻¹ P treatments. Soil P supply, in the form of KH₂PO₄, significantly promoted the height and biomass of K. obovata, enhanced root vitality and P uptake, while partially inhibiting soil acid (ACP) and alkaline phosphotase (ALP) activities. Without enhancing plant height, the biomass, root vitality and P uptake were further increased when inoculated with AMF, and the reduction on ACP and ALP activities were alleviated. Phosphorus supply resulted in the decrease of leaf N–P ratio in K. obovata, and AMF inoculation strengthened the reduction, thus alleviating P limitation in plant growth. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation and adequate P supply (30 mg kg⁻¹ KH₂PO₄) enhanced root vitality, maintained soil ACP and ALP activities, increased plant N and P uptake, and resulted in greater biomass of K. obovata. Mutualistic symbiosis with AMF could explain the survival strategies of mangrove plants under a stressed environment (waterlogging and nutrient limitation) from a new perspective.     

两种丛枝菌根真菌对小麦和大豆生长的影响

以单子叶植物小麦和双子叶植物大豆为试验材料，分别接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae和Glomus versiforme，研究这两种丛枝菌根真菌对小麦和大豆生长的影响。结果表明，接种这两种菌根真菌显著地促进了大豆的生长。丛枝菌根真菌能提高大豆叶绿素含量，进而增加叶片光合速率，提高其生物量，尤其是接种Glomus versiforme,表现更为突出。而两种真菌虽均能侵染小麦，但对其叶绿素含量、光合速率无显著影响，因而生物量增加不明显。说明不同作物对菌根的依赖性不同。     

刺槐丛枝菌根酸性磷酸酶的细胞化学研究

对接种从枝菌根真菌摩西球囊霉（Glomus mosseae 的刺槐幼苗进行酸性磷酸酶的细胞化学定位。结果表明,菌根中菌丝和从枝细胞膜均有酶反应,丛枝顶端细胞膜酶反应更为强烈,同时诱导宿主细胞膜产生酶反应对照的菌根细胞内入侵菌丝和根细胞间隙中的菌丝无酶反应。酸性磷酸酶能充分发挥水解大分子磷酸盐颗粒及降解丛枝中其它物质的作用,从而通过丛枝一宿主质膜界面供给宿主磷分、水分等营养物质。