丛枝菌根真菌最新分类系统与物种多样性研究概况

丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)是自然界分布最广泛的一类植物共生真菌,能够与大部分高等植物的根系形成共生关系.由于它们在农林、环境等领域的巨大应用潜力,国内外关于AMF物种多样性的研究一直受到较高的关注.然而,AMF专性共生的特征以及研究方法不够理想等因素长期阻碍了AMF物种多样性的研究进展.近年来,研究方法的改进与新技术的应用为AMF物种多样性的研究提供了极好的机遇.简述了AMF的最新分类系统及全球物种数量、AMF物种多样性影响因素以及AMF物种多样性研究方法三个方面的研究进展,并分析了今后在AMF物种多样性相关领域值得关注的研究方向.     

ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI IN REVEGETATED MINED DUNES

This study aimed to thoroughly investigate communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in six coastal, mined, reconstituted and revegetated dune areas in Northeast Brazil. AMF spore density and species richness as well as the numbers of infective AMF propagules and glomalin‐related soil protein (GRSP) were analyzed. Four areas had been restored for 16, 12, 8 and 4 years, and after being mined, reconstituted and re‐vegetated, the fifth was mined and reconstituted but not yet re‐vegetated, and the sixth had a native and undisturbed coastal forest vegetation. The soil samples were sampled in the dry and wet seasons of 2005. The number of infective propagules was significantly higher in the dry than in wet season, except in the un‐vegetated dune area, which had less than 0·2 propagules cm⁻³ soil. AMF spore density and especially GRSP contents changed little between the seasons. GRSP contents were positively correlated to Al and Fe soil levels and were highest in the restinga forest. In total, 29 AMF species were identified, and glomoid and gigasporoid species predominated in all areas. AMF species richness and viable propagules of AMF were lowest in the un‐vegetated dune area. Remarkably, higher species richness (28) was found in the re‐vegetated areas, compared with the forest area that had only 10 species. The numbers of infective propagules tended to be also lower in the forest than in the re‐vegetated sites. In conclusion, re‐vegetation appears to favour the AMF communities in terms of infective propagule numbers and AMF species richness. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Responses of Lentil to Co-Inoculation with Phosphate-Solubilizing Rhizobial Strains and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the responses of lentil (Lens culinariscv. ‘Ziba’) to co-inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and some indigenous rhizobial strains varying in phosphorus (P)-solubilizing ability in a calcareous soil with high pH and low amounts of available P and nitrogen (N). A factorial experiment with completely randomized block design was conducted under controlled greenhouse conditions. The treatments consisted of (1) three inoculants of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae strains and a mixed rhizobial inoculant with an effective P-solubilizer strain of Mesorhizobium ciceri, (2) two AM fungal species, Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices, (3) two P sources, superphosphate and phosphate rock. Four replications were prepared for each treatment and a related control. After the growth period of three months, the dry matter of shoots plus seeds, their P and N contents, and percent of root colonized by AM fungus were measured. The results showed that the effects of AM fungi, rhizobial strains, and P fertilizers were highly significant (p < 0.01) for all the characteristics studied. The rhizobial strain with P-solubilizing ability showed a more beneficial effect on plant growth and nutrient uptake than the strain without this ability, although both strains had similar effectiveness for N₂-fixation in symbiosis with lentil. Synergistic relationships were observed between AM fungi and some rhizobial strains that related to the compatible pairing of these two microsymbionts. The P-uptake efficiency was increased when P fertilizers were applied along with AM fungi and/or P-solubilizer rhizobial strains.     

Chronic nitrogen deposition and the composition of active arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

A growing body of evidence indicates that atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition can alter the composition and function of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) associated with plant roots. We studied the community of AMF actively transcribing ribosomal genes in the forest floor of northern hardwood forests dominated by sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) that have been exposed to experimental N deposition since 1994 (30 kg NO₃⁻-N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹). Our objective was to evaluate whether previously observed declines in AM root infection and mycelial production resulted in a compositional shift in the AM fungi actively providing resources to plant symbionts under chronic N deposition. To accomplish this task, we cloned and sequenced the LSU of reverse-transcribed AM fungal rRNA extracted from the forest floor under ambient and experimental N deposition treatments. We found that experimental N deposition did not alter the active community of AMF or AMF diversity, but we did observe a significant decrease in rare taxa under chronic N deposition. Our results indicate that chronic N deposition, at levels expected by the end of this century, can exert a moderate influence on the composition and abundance of AMF associated with plant roots in a wide-spread forest ecosystem in the northeastern North America.     

Diversity of halophytes and identification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonising their roots in an abandoned and sustained part of Sečovlje salterns

Sečovlje salterns are an important protected area of biotic diversity in the Mediterranean. They represent an extreme environment with high salinity and drought that severely influence the growth of organisms. In the present study, diversity of plant halophytes and their mycorrhizal status were screened at eight different locations, which were mostly dikes and salt ponds, and which were deliberately selected for their distinct properties (e.g. soil salinity ranging from 105 to 2627 μS cm⁻¹, vegetation type and management practice of the salterns).Twelve different halophytic plant species were recorded, of which eleven are designated as vulnerable. With few exceptions, they were found at the abandoned (Fontanigge) and sustained (Lera) locations of the Sečovlje salterns, distributed according to their tolerance to the salinity and waterlogging. The highest diversity of halophytes was listed at Fontanigge, in the abandoned, periodically flooded and gradually overgrown salt ponds. All of the examined species were colonised with either arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and/or dark septate endophytes (DSEs). High levels of colonisation were however detected only for species belonging to the Asteraceae and Plantaginaceae families. Higher root colonisation frequencies were generally seen for plants growing in the abandoned parts, when compared to the managed parts, whereas there was little correlation of the colonisation parameters with physicochemical parameters of rhizospheric soil properties.Molecular analysis by temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TTGE) of roots of halophytic plant species with confirmed AMF colonisation (arbuscules present) revealed the occurrence of at least six different AMF species, related to Glomus geosporum, Glomus caledonium and Glomus intraradices, and to different Glomus sp. clades and the Diversispora clade. This is to the best of our knowledge the first report of AMF and DSE mycorrhizal status of most of the halophyte plant species examined and of the brother scale identification of AMF species based on molecular analyses of roots of diverse halophytes from high saline environments.     

不同磷肥水平下丛枝菌根菌对玉米修复芘污染土壤的影响

盆栽试验研究了不同磷肥水平下接种丛枝菌根菌（Arbuscular mycorrizal fungi,AMF）对玉米修复芘污染土壤的影响。结果表明,在施磷水平为20和80 mg/kg条件下,50 mg/kg芘处理土壤中丛枝菌根菌能够正常侵染玉米根系,侵染率没有显著变化;土壤芘污染对玉米的生长有抑制作用,缺磷土壤中施磷能够缓解土壤芘对玉米生长的抑制作用。培养60 d后,高磷（80 mg/kg）和低磷（20 mg/kg）条件下,玉米接种AMF处理土壤芘残留浓度分别比相应的不接种处理降低了38%和35%,比相应无玉米的对照处理降低了53%和58%。表明玉米接种混合AMF能够显著降低土壤芘残留浓度,促进土壤芘的去除。与P 20 mg/kg处理相比,P 80 mg/kg处理玉米接种及不接种AMF的土壤芘残留浓度分别降低了16%和19%,表明缺磷土壤中施磷对玉米及菌根玉米去除土壤芘均有一定促进作用。土壤微生物碳量与土壤芘的去除率显著正相关,接种AMF和P 80 mg/kg处理均能够显著增加土壤微生物碳量,因此土壤微生物数量的增加可能是其促进土壤芘的去除的重要原因。     

解磷细菌和丛枝菌根真菌对紫花苜蓿生产性能及地下生物量的影响

【目的】解磷细菌（PSB）和丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）在促进作物养分吸收、提高作物产量等方面具有重要意义。探讨PSB和AMF对苜蓿生长及地下生物量的影响,明确PSB与AMF的相互作用对紫花苜蓿生长的机制,以期为紫花苜蓿人工栽培及其高效复合型微生物肥料的研制提供理论依据。【方法】试验采用单因素随机区组设计,选用4株菌,分别为具有高效解磷能力的巨大芽孢杆菌（Bm）和枯草芽孢杆菌（Bs）,以及能与苜蓿根系共生的摩西管柄囊霉（Fm）和幼套球囊霉（Ge）,并将这两类菌双接种,分别为BmBs、BmFm、BmGe、BsFm、BsGe、FmGe,以加灭活菌为对照（CK）,共计11个处理。测定接菌处理后紫花苜蓿地上生物量、株高、茎粗、粗蛋白含量、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、苜蓿植株磷含量、主根长、地下生物量、土壤pH、土壤全磷和速效磷含量,通过隶属函数法综合各项指标评价单接种菌和双接种菌对苜蓿的应用效果。【结果】紫花苜蓿的地上生物量、株高、茎粗、粗蛋白含量、植株磷含量、主根长、地下生物量和土壤速效磷含量均为接菌处理显著高于CK（P＜0.05）,土壤pH、全磷、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量均显著低于CK（P＜0.05）。与CK相比,苜蓿地下生物量、株高和茎粗在单施解磷细菌Bm和Bs处理下分别增加了18.57%—24.49%、8.59%—21.33%和3.86%—9.54%,在单施丛枝菌根真菌Fm和Ge处理下分别增加了9.15%—27.35%、2.51%—18.60%和4.59—8.58%,双接种BmBs、BmFm、BmGe、BsFm、BsGe、FmGe处理下分别增加了7.66%—41.62%、7.44%—34.56%和5.58%—26.61%。单施Fm和Ge处理苜蓿的主根长均显著大于单施Bm和Bs处理（P＜0.05）,但Fm和Ge处理之间、Bm和Bs处理之间差异均不显著（P＞0.05）;双接菌处理中,FmGe处理苜蓿的主根长最长,且显著大于其他施菌处理（P＜0.05）,其中BmBs处理对紫花苜蓿主根长的效应最弱。相关性分析表明,除酸性洗涤纤维含量与茎粗呈负相关不显著（P＞0.05）,地下生物量与苜蓿磷呈正相关不显著（P＞0.05）,与土壤全磷呈负相关不显著（P＞0.05）外,其他各指标之间均为显著或极显著正相关、显著或极显著负相关。采用隶属函数法综合各项指标进行评价,对苜蓿生产性能影响较大的接菌处理前3位排序为BmFm、BmGe和FmGe处理。【结论】PSB和AMF同时接种,对苜蓿植株生长发育和磷营养促生效果优于单一接种PSB或AMF,其促进作用的大小与PSB和AMF的种类有关。从紫花苜蓿生长状况、植株的磷营养及地下生物量指标综合考虑,解磷细菌巨大芽孢杆菌（Bm）与丛枝菌根真菌摩西管柄囊霉（Fm）同时接种（即BmFm处理）,对紫花苜蓿的生长发育和磷营养的改善效果最好,其次是BmGe处理。     

不同林龄云南松根际土壤丛枝菌根真菌多样性

以不同林龄云南松的根和根际土壤为研究对象,采用苯胺蓝染色-显微镜观察法探究云南松与丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF)的关系;采用湿筛倾注-蔗糖离心法分离根际土壤AMF孢子,结合形态学和分子生物学进行鉴定,并分析其物种多样性。结果表明,苯胺蓝压片中未观察到丛枝菌根的特有结构,认为云南松根系与AMF不存在共生关系。根际土壤中共鉴定出7属25种AMF,包括无梗囊霉属6种、近明球囊霉属1种、多样孢囊霉属2种、巨孢囊霉属3种、盾巨孢囊霉属1种、球囊霉属11种、根孢囊霉属1种,其中球囊霉属和无梗囊霉属是云南松根际土壤AMF优势属;云南松林分不同发育阶段根际土壤AMF多样性存在差异,Shannon-Weiner指数、孢子密度和种的丰度为中龄林>幼龄林>成熟林;根际土壤AMF孢子密度、种数和优势种：幼龄林15.15个·g^-1、9种、瑞氏无梗囊霉、微白巨孢囊霉、长孢球囊霉,中龄林38.13个·g^-1、22种、瑞氏无梗囊霉、珠状巨孢囊霉、疣壁球囊霉,成熟林14.19个·g^-1、7种...     

冬小麦免耕覆盖与有机栽培对土壤微生物群落组成的影响

为揭示农业管理活动对土壤微生物群落结构及AM真菌多样性的影响,以农田土壤生态系统为研究对象,选取免耕覆盖+施有机肥（NF）、免耕覆盖+不施有机肥（NC）、传统耕作不覆盖+施有机肥（TF）和传统耕作不覆盖+不施有机肥（TC）4种处理,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序及磷脂脂肪酸（phospholipid fatty acids,PLFAs）分析方法,研究持续冬小麦免耕覆盖有机栽培3年后,土壤微生物群落结构组成、AM真菌及其多样性与土壤环境因子间的关系。结果表明,持续免耕覆盖有机栽培能增加以PLFA表征的土壤微生物群落的生物量,传统耕作显著提高了土壤革兰氏阳性菌（G⁺）、阴性菌（G^-）的生物量（P<0.05）。且随免耕栽培管理年限增加,土壤AM真菌生物量呈显著上升趋势;以16：1ω5c中性脂（NLFA）与16：1ω5c磷脂（PLFA）表征的AM真菌生物量比值显著升高（P<0.05）。免耕覆盖措施下,有机肥的施用提高了土壤AM真菌丰富度指数（Chao1指数和ACE指数）,但降低了土壤AM真菌的多样性（香农指数、辛普森指数）。主成分分析结果显示,AM真菌孢子（16：1ω5c中性脂）的生物量与土壤有机质、土壤易提取球囊霉素含量呈正相关关系,AM真菌丰富度指数与土壤有机质含量呈正相关,AM真菌多样性指数与土壤全氮含量、脲酶活性呈正相关。受农业管理措施导致的土壤理化性状及土壤生物学差异等综合因素影响,土壤微生物生物量及AM真菌多样性和丰富度改变。免耕覆盖措施提高了土壤AM真菌多样性指数,有机肥施用显著影响了AM真菌NLFA/PLFA生物量的比例,改变了AM真菌孢子和菌丝间生物量碳的分配关系。