丛枝菌根真菌对西南岩溶地区干旱及干湿交替下金银花根系生长的影响

近年来我国西南岩溶地区干旱频发、干湿交替现象严重,植被生存环境恶劣,植被恢复困难,石漠化程度呈加剧之势。丛枝菌根真菌能与植物根系形成互惠共生关系,对植物生长发育及抗逆性有积极影响。研究表明,丛枝菌根真菌能够提高植物的抗旱性。然而,丛枝菌根真菌是否能够提高宿主植物对干湿交替等多变环境的耐受性,目前并没有见到相关报道。以西南岩溶地区适生植物金银花为研究对象,利用盆栽控制实验,采用3因素(接种、水分处理、干旱时间处理)随机区组设计,研究了接种丛枝菌根--摩西管柄囊霉对不同干旱及干湿交替条件下金银花根系形态参数及根系生物量的影响。结果表明:短时间的干旱促进了未接种真菌的金银花根系长度、根系表面积和根系体积等形态参数,根系生物量增加,且复水对植物有一定补偿作用;但长期干旱后植株根长、根表面积和根体积等所有根系形态参数均降低,根系生物量显著下降,即长期干旱对金银花的根系生长产生了严重的抑制作用,且复水补偿作用因干旱的严重抑制作用而丧失。短时间干旱降低了接种植株的根长、根表面积和根体积等根系生长参数,根系生物量不变;复水后接种植株仍然具有补偿生长作用,其原因可能与菌根泡囊结构有关。随着干旱处理时间的延长,接种植物的根系也受到伤害,复水补偿能力丧失。可见,菌根真菌促进了喀斯特干旱和干湿交替条件下金银花的根系生长,且在干旱条件下促进作用更加显著,但与干旱时间和干旱强度并没有交互作用。      

丛枝菌根真菌对澳洲坚果幼苗的生长效应

将澳洲坚果种子进行表面消毒,并播种于盛装已灭菌珍珠岩的塑料育苗盒中,观察其幼苗期接种丛枝菌根真菌【Arbuscular Mycorhiza Fungi,AMF（CL.mosse）】对澳洲坚果幼苗生长效应的影响。试验结果表明,AMF对澳洲坚果幼苗的生长发育均有重要的促进作用。AMF 能促进澳洲坚果幼苗的生长及其幼苗叶片蛋白质及糖分的积累;能促进其根系磷酸酶的活性,磷酸酶活性与AMF侵染率存在显著相关性。接种AMF可增强澳洲坚果幼苗根系活力,促进其根系对N,P等矿质养分的吸收和积累,并促进澳洲坚果植株的光合作用,提高其幼苗     

AMF提高刺槐抗旱性的研究

用4个菌种(株)回接刺槐后,通过测定其抗旱性生理生化指标,结果表明接种AMF后宿主植物叶绿素含量显著增加,而丙二醛含量、游离脯氨酸和电解质透出率则显著降低,不同菌种提高宿主植物抗旱性的作用不同.     

Diversity of halophytes and identification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonising their roots in an abandoned and sustained part of Sečovlje salterns

Sečovlje salterns are an important protected area of biotic diversity in the Mediterranean. They represent an extreme environment with high salinity and drought that severely influence the growth of organisms. In the present study, diversity of plant halophytes and their mycorrhizal status were screened at eight different locations, which were mostly dikes and salt ponds, and which were deliberately selected for their distinct properties (e.g. soil salinity ranging from 105 to 2627 μS cm⁻¹, vegetation type and management practice of the salterns).Twelve different halophytic plant species were recorded, of which eleven are designated as vulnerable. With few exceptions, they were found at the abandoned (Fontanigge) and sustained (Lera) locations of the Sečovlje salterns, distributed according to their tolerance to the salinity and waterlogging. The highest diversity of halophytes was listed at Fontanigge, in the abandoned, periodically flooded and gradually overgrown salt ponds. All of the examined species were colonised with either arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and/or dark septate endophytes (DSEs). High levels of colonisation were however detected only for species belonging to the Asteraceae and Plantaginaceae families. Higher root colonisation frequencies were generally seen for plants growing in the abandoned parts, when compared to the managed parts, whereas there was little correlation of the colonisation parameters with physicochemical parameters of rhizospheric soil properties.Molecular analysis by temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TTGE) of roots of halophytic plant species with confirmed AMF colonisation (arbuscules present) revealed the occurrence of at least six different AMF species, related to Glomus geosporum, Glomus caledonium and Glomus intraradices, and to different Glomus sp. clades and the Diversispora clade. This is to the best of our knowledge the first report of AMF and DSE mycorrhizal status of most of the halophyte plant species examined and of the brother scale identification of AMF species based on molecular analyses of roots of diverse halophytes from high saline environments.     

Responses of wheat to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: A meta-analysis of field studies from 1975 to 2013

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can benefit growth and yield of agriculturally significant crops by increasing mineral nutrient uptake, disease resistance and drought tolerance of plants. We conducted a meta-analysis of 38 published field trials with 333 observations to determine the effects of inoculation and root colonization by inoculated and non-inoculated (resident) AMF on P, N and Zn uptake, growth and grain yield of wheat. Field AMF inoculation increased aboveground biomass, grain yield, harvest index, aboveground biomass P concentration and content, straw P content, aboveground biomass N concentration and content, grain N content and grain Zn concentration. Grain yield was positively correlated with root AMF colonization rate, whereas straw biomass was negatively correlated. The most important drivers of wheat growth response to AMF were organic matter concentration, pH, total N and available P concentration, and texture of soil, as well as climate and the AMF species inoculated. Analysis showed that AMF inoculation of wheat in field conditions can be an effective agronomic practice, although its economic profitability should still be addressed for large-scale applications in sustainable cropping systems.     

Direct, positive feedbacks produce instability in models of interrelationships among soil structure, plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Current conceptual models of reciprocal interactions linking soil structure, plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi emphasise positive feedbacks among the components of the system. However, dynamical systems with high dimensionality and several positive feedbacks (i.e. mutualism) are prone to instability. Further, organisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligate biotrophs of plants and are considered major biological agents in soil aggregate stabilization. With these considerations in mind, we developed dynamical models of soil ecosystems that reflect the main features of current conceptual models and empirical data, especially positive feedbacks and linear interactions among plants, AMF and the component of soil structure dependent on aggregates. We found that systems become increasingly unstable the more positive effects with Type I functional response (i.e., the growth rate of a mutualist is modified by the density of its partner through linear proportionality) are added to the model, to the point that increasing the realism of models by adding linear effects produces the most unstable systems. The present theoretical analysis thus offers a framework for modelling and suggests new directions for experimental studies on the interrelationship between soil structure, plants and AMF. Non-linearity in functional responses, spatial and temporal heterogeneity, and indirect effects can be invoked on a theoretical basis and experimentally tested in laboratory and field experiments in order to account for and buffer the local instability of the simplest of current scenarios. This first model presented here may generate interest in more explicitly representing the role of biota in soil physical structure, a phenomenon that is typically viewed in a more process- and management-focused context.     

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation and phosphorus supply on the growth and nutrient uptake of Kandelia obovata (Sheue,Liu & Yong) seedlings in autoclaved soil

This study evaluated the interactive effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation and exogenous phosphorus supply on soil phosphotases, plant growth, and nutrient uptake of Kandelia obovata (Sheue, Liu & Yong). We aimed to explore the ecophysiological function of AMF in mangrove wetland ecosystems, and to clarify the possible survival mechanism of mangrove species against nutrient deficiency. K. obovata seedlings with or without AMF inoculation (mixed mangrove AMF), were cultivated for six months in autoclaved sediment medium which was supplemented with KH₂PO₄ (0, 15, 30, 60, 120 mg kg−¹). Then the plant growth, nitrogen and phosphorus content, root vitality, AMF colonization and soil phosphatase activity were analyzed. The inoculated AMF successfully infected K. obovata roots, developed intercellular hyphae, arbuscular (Arum-type), and vesicle structures. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization ranged from 9.04 to 24.48%, with the highest value observed under 30 and 60 mg kg⁻¹ P treatments. Soil P supply, in the form of KH₂PO₄, significantly promoted the height and biomass of K. obovata, enhanced root vitality and P uptake, while partially inhibiting soil acid (ACP) and alkaline phosphotase (ALP) activities. Without enhancing plant height, the biomass, root vitality and P uptake were further increased when inoculated with AMF, and the reduction on ACP and ALP activities were alleviated. Phosphorus supply resulted in the decrease of leaf N–P ratio in K. obovata, and AMF inoculation strengthened the reduction, thus alleviating P limitation in plant growth. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation and adequate P supply (30 mg kg⁻¹ KH₂PO₄) enhanced root vitality, maintained soil ACP and ALP activities, increased plant N and P uptake, and resulted in greater biomass of K. obovata. Mutualistic symbiosis with AMF could explain the survival strategies of mangrove plants under a stressed environment (waterlogging and nutrient limitation) from a new perspective.     

外源磷与AMF对间作玉米种植红壤无机磷形态的影响

通过三室隔网分室盆栽模拟试验,研究了分室不同磷(P)源[无机磷(磷酸二氢钾)和有机磷(大豆卵磷脂),P添加量均为50 mg·kg-1]添加和根室接种不同丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)[Glomus mosseae(GM)、Glomus etunicatum(GE)]对间作玉米种植红壤无机磷形态的影响。结果表明:无论接种与否,间作处理使根室土壤有效磷含量显著降低,说明间作能够促进玉米植株对土壤有效磷的吸收,且有效磷的耗竭从根际土壤开始。除OP50-单作玉米处理的Org-P外,接种AMF均一定程度增加了各形态无机磷含量。此外,根室土壤有效磷的主要组分为Ca2-P、Al-P和Org-P,其中Org-P与土壤有效磷有着极显著的负相关关系。     

Distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spores in soils of smallholder agroforestry and monocultural coffee systems in southwestern Ethiopia

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are associated with the root system of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) plants, but their distribution in smallholder agroforestry and monocultural coffee systems is not well known. This study investigates the spatial distribution of AMF spores in a field study in southwestern Ethiopia. Soil samples from different depths (0–50 cm) were collected under the tree canopies of Acacia abyssinica, Albizia gummifera, Ficus sur, Ficus vasta and randomly selected unshaded coffee plants at different sampling points (canopy base, radius, edge and outside canopy). Significantly higher AMF spore densities were recorded at canopy bases and at 0–30 cm soil depth. Spore populations were found to belong to five genera: Acaulospora, Entrophospora, Glomus, Gigaspora and Scutellospora, with Glomus and Acaulospora dominating. Sampling points, sites and depths, shade tree species and shade tree/coffee plant age affected AMF spore density. Agroforestry practices including the use of leguminous shade trees effectively maintained AMF numbers in soils even at depth compared with unshaded coffee plants (monocultures).     

减量施氮与间作模式对甜玉米AMF侵染和大豆结瘤及作物氮磷吸收的影响

通过4季(2014年秋季,2015年春、秋,2016年春季)大田定位试验,对比研究了两种施氮水平[300 kg·hm~(-2)(N1:减量施氮)和360 kg·hm~(-2)(N2:常规施氮)]和4种种植模式[甜玉米|菜用大豆2∶3(S2B3)、2∶4(S2B4)间作、甜玉米单作(SS)和菜用大豆单作(SB)]对华南地区甜玉米和大豆产量、甜玉米AMF侵染率、大豆根瘤菌等的影响。结果表明,减量施氮间作处理的甜玉米产量显著高于单作。2016年春季S2B3-N1处理大豆的根瘤数显著高于S2B3-N2处理;4季减量施氮和间作处理对大豆根瘤干重均没有显著影响。2015年春秋两季两种施氮水平间作处理的甜玉米生物量和氮含量均显著高于相应的单作处理;且减量施氮间作模式甜玉米AMF侵染率显著高于常规施氮处理。2015年秋季减量施氮间作模式处理甜玉米的磷含量显著高于单作处理。减量施氮与间作菜用大豆显著提高了甜玉米氮和磷含量、AMF侵染率、生物量及产量,是华南地区甜玉米资源高效利用的可持续生产模式。