Greenhouse gas emissions in response to straw incorporation,water management and their interaction in a paddy field in subtropical central China

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of combination of straw incorporation and water management on fluxes of CH₄, N₂O and soil heterotrophic respiration (Rh) in a paddy field in subtropical central China by using a static opaque chamber/gas chromatography method. Four treatments were set up: two rice straw incorporation rates at 0 (S1) and 6 (S2) t ha^?1 combined with two water managements of intermittent irrigation (W1, with mid-season drainage) and continuous flooding (W2, without mid-season drainage). The cumulative seasonal CH₄ emissions for the treatments of S1W2, S2W1 and S2W2 increased significantly by 1.84, 5.47 and 6.63 times, respectively, while seasonal N₂O emissions decreased by 0.67, 0.29 and 1.21 times, respectively, as compared to S1W1 treatment. The significant increase in the cumulative Rh for the treatments S1W1, S2W1 and S2W2 were 0.54, 1.35 and 0.52 times, respectively, in comparison with S1W2. On a seasonal basis, both the CO₂-equivalents (CO₂e) and yield-scaled CO₂e (GHGI) of CH₄ and N₂O emissions increased with straw incorporation and continuous flooding, following the order: S2W2>S2W1>S1W2>S1W1. Thus, the practices of in season straw incorporation should be discouraged, while mid-season drainage is recommended in paddy rice production from a point view of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.     

Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationships of Miticidal 4,5-Dihydropyrazole-5-thiones

A series of novel 4,5-dihydropyrazole-5-thiones (DHPs) was synthesised by treating the corresponding dihydropyrazolones with ‘Lawesson’s reagent and evaluated for miticidal activity against two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch). Of these, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydropyrazole-5-thione, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-ethyl-4-methyl-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydropyrazole-5-thione, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydropyrazole-5-thione-4-spirocyclopentane and 4,4-dimethyl-1-phenyl-3-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5-dihydropyrazole-5-thione were highly active (pEC₅₀>4·0) and were more effective than the miticide dicofol (pEC₅₀=3·879), which has traditionally been used for the control of phytophagous mites. Structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies were performed on each position of the pyrazole ring of DHPs. The results indicated that the unsubstituted phenyl, 4-substituted phenyl and thioxo groups on the 1-, 3- and 5-positions of DHPs respectively were required for activity. Quantitative SAR studies using physicochemical parameters of substituents and the capacity factor k′ as a hydrophobicity index suggested that: (a) the activities of all types of DHPs examined were mainly dominated by hydrophobicity, (b) the bulkiness of 4-substituents of the 3-phenyl ring favoured the activity and (c) the log k′ optimum for all DHPs was 1·675, equivalent to a log P_ow value of c. 5·0.     

赤霉素A_(4+7)的分子生物学研究进展

目前发现的赤霉素种类已达136种之多,GA4+7以其较高的活性和独特的优势受到人们的广泛关注。因此,就GA4+7的合成途径、关键酶及信号转导过程等方面的研究进展进行了归纳和总结,并指出了今后的发展方向。     

对《中图法》(第四版)类目注释的系统认识

本文从语言特点、编排体例及内容特点出发,对《中图法》(第四版)类目注释进行了系统的认识,并就此提出了自己的一些看法。     

温度对棉纤维强度及超分子结构的影响

利用短季棉中棉所16号品种, 研究了温度对棉纤维断裂比强度与超分子结构的影响, 结果 表明： 纤维断裂比强度随铃龄增大而升高; 相同铃龄随温度下降断裂比强度降低。 较高 温度条件下α角随铃龄增大不断宽化(变大), 对纤维强度提高不利; 较低温度条件下α角 随纤维发育不断变小(优化), 某种程度上有利于纤维强度提高;     

高产高油花生新品种黔花生4号的选育

黔花生4号由贵州省油菜研究所以粤油187-226为母本,伏花生为父本,采用系谱与集团相结合的方法选育而成的珍珠豆型花生新品种.历经品比、省级区试与生产试验、国家级区试及生产试验和鉴定,表现出高产高油等特点,于2006年通过全国花生品种鉴定委员会鉴定,品种鉴定号为"国品鉴花生2006006".主要介绍了黔花生4号选育经过、各级试验的产量表现、品种的主要特征特性及栽培技术要点.     

拮抗细菌对香蕉枯萎病菌的离体抑菌活性研究

通过平板对峙培养,筛选出对香蕉枯萎病菌有拮抗作用的细菌6株：B05、B23、B44、B105、B133和B146,测定其抑菌带宽度达10～15mm。拮抗细菌的发酵液对病菌菌丝生长的抑制率为83．71％～88．76％,而经高温灭活的发酵液对病菌菌丝生长的抑制率为16．85％～33．48％;拮抗菌的非挥发性代谢产物对病菌菌丝生长的抑制率为74．72％～87．36％;挥发性代谢产物对病菌菌丝生长的抑制率为15．30％～37．64％。拮抗细菌发酵液在一定浓度范围内均能有效地抑制病菌孢子萌发,且浓度越高,抑制能力越强。拮抗菌株B05抑菌作用最稳定、抑菌活性最高,菌株B44抑制孢子萌发效果最好。     

提高烤烟C4F收购等级合格率的途径

烤烟C4F是中部烟叶相对其他等级价廉物美的一个等级,其配伍性强,工业企业需求量大。近年来,由于烟叶收购站点的收购人员、预检人员和烟农对C4F的标准把握不准确,造成C4F及其相邻等级收购等级合格率偏低。因此,通过研究提高C4F等级合格率的途径,对提高烟草等级的合格率具有重要的意义。     

白头翁提取方法比较

本试验采用热回流和超声两种不同提取方法,以水及不同浓度的乙醇溶液为溶剂,制备10个样品,采用高效薄层色谱法、高效液相色谱法,通过比较得膏率、色谱图、白头翁皂苷B4峰面积等,考察提取方法对白头翁活性成分的影响。结果表明,两种提取方法中,热回流提取得膏率、白头翁皂苷B4得率均较超声提取法高;乙醇浓度对皂苷B4的提取有一定影响,热回流提取70%～80%乙醇提取率最高,超声提取50%～70%乙醇提取率最高。研究结果为白头翁提取方法的选用提供了科学数据。