Effects of part and whole straw returning on soil carbon sequestration in C3–C4 rotation cropland

Long‐term no‐tillage management and crop residue amendments to soil were identified as an effective measure to increase soil organic carbon (SOC). The SOC content, SOC stock (SOCs), soil carbon sequestration rate (CSR), and carbon pool management index (CPMI) were measured. A stable isotopic approach was used to evaluate the contributions of wheat and maize residues to SOC at a long‐term experimental site. We hypothesized that under no‐tillage conditions, straw retention quantity would affect soil carbon sequestration differently in surface and deep soil, and the contribution of C3 and C4 crops to soil carbon sequestration would be different. This study involved four maize straw returning treatments, which included no maize straw returning (NT‐0), 0.5 m (from the soil surface) maize straw returning (NT‐0.5), 1 m maize straw returning (NT‐1), and whole maize straw returning (NT‐W). The results showed that in the 0–20 cm soil layer, the SOC content, SOCs, CSR and CPMI of the NT‐W were highest after 14 years of no‐tillage management, and there were obvious differences among the four treatments. However, the SOC, SOCs, and CSR of the NT‐0.5 and NT‐W were the highest and lowest in 20–100 cm, respectively. The value of δ¹³C showed an obviously vertical variability that ranged from –22.01‰ (NT‐1) in the 0–20 cm layer to –18.27‰ (NT‐0.5) in the 60–80 cm layer, with enriched δ¹³C in the 60–80 cm (NT‐0.5 and NT‐1) and 80–100 cm (NT‐0 and NT‐W) layers. The contributions of the wheat and maize‐derived SOC of the NT‐0.5, NT‐1 and NT‐W increased by 11.4, 29.5 and 56.3% and by 10.7, 15.1 and 40.1%, relative to those in the NT‐0 treatment in the 0–20 cm soil layer, respectively. In conclusion, there was no apparent difference in total SOC sequestration between the NT‐0.5, NT‐1, and NT‐W treatments in the 0–100 cm soil layer. The contribution of wheat‐derived SOC was higher than that of maize‐derived SOC.     

基于轻量级CNN的植物病害识别方法及移动端应用

为了实现在手机端植物病害叶片检测,对MobileNet和Inception V3 2种轻量级卷积神经网络进行迁移学习,得到2种作物病害分类模型,将2种分类模型分别移植到Android手机端,在识别精度、运算速度和网络尺寸之间进行平衡,选择最优模型。试验表明,MobileNet和InceptionV3在PlantVillage数据集(共38类26种病害)上平均识别率分别是95.02%和95.62%。在自建图像集葡萄病害叶片的识别中MobileNet和InceptionV3平均识别率分别是87.50%、88.06%,Inception V3的整体识别精度略高,但MobileNet在所有类别的识别上均衡性更好;在模型尺寸方面Inception V3的模型尺寸大小为87.5 MB,MobileNet的模型尺寸为17.1 MB,大约是后者5倍;2种模型移植到手机端时,MobileNet和Inception V3的APP所占内存分别是21.5和125 MB;在手机端单张图片的识别时间方面,Inception V3平均计算时间约是174 ms,MobileNet的平均计算时间约是134 ms,后者的平均计算时间比前者快40 ms;在手机端MobileNet相比于Inception V3占用内存更小,运算时间更快。说明MobileNet更适合在手机端进行植物病害识别应用。     

All-around 3D plant modeling system using multiple images and its composition

In this study, we developed an all-around 3D plant modeling system that operates using images and is capable of measuring plants non-destructively without any contact. During the fabrication of this device, we selected a method capable of performing 3D model reconstruction from multiple images. We then developed an improved SfM-MVS (Structure from Motion / Multi-View-Stereo) method that enables 3D reconstruction by simply capturing images with a camera. The resulting image-based method offers a high degree of freedom because the hardware and software can comprise commercially available products, and it permits the use of one or more cameras according to the shape and size of the plant. The advantages of the image-based method are that 3D reconstruction can be conducted at any time as long as the images are already taken, and that the desired locations can be observed, measured, and analyzed from 2D images and a 3D point cloud. The device we developed is capable of 3D measurements and modeling of plants from a few millimeters to 2.4 m of height using this method. This article explains this device, the principles of its composition, and the accuracy of the models obtained from it.     

3D modeling and reconstruction of plants and trees: A cross-cutting review across computer graphics,vision, and plant phenotyping

This paper reviews the past and current trends of three-dimensional (3D) modeling and reconstruction of plants and trees. These topics have been studied in multiple research fields, including computer vision, graphics, plant phenotyping, and forestry. This paper, therefore, provides a cross-cutting review. Representations of plant shape and structure are first summarized, where every method for plant modeling and reconstruction is based on a shape/structure representation. The methods were then categorized into 1) creating non-existent plants (modeling) and 2) creating models from real-world plants (reconstruction). This paper also discusses the limitations of current methods and possible future directions.     

滴灌水肥一体化下施氮量对小麦氮素吸收及土壤硝态氮含量的影响

为探明华北地区山前平原水肥一体化条件下小麦合理的氮肥运筹。于2013-2015年2个小麦生长季,设置4个滴灌施氮量(N0-不施氮、N1-120 kg/hm~2、N2-240 kg/hm~2、N3-360 kg/hm~2)处理,研究滴灌水肥一体化下施氮量对小麦氮素吸收积累和土壤硝态氮含量的影响。结果表明:施氮量N1、N2和N3处理的小麦干质量及产量较处理N0显著增加,N1、N2和N3处理间无显著差异;施氮量对小麦茎秆的氮含量影响较大,但对籽粒氮含量的影响差异不显著;处理N3的小麦总吸氮量分别显著高于处理N0、N1和N2,但处理N1和N2之间无显著差异;氮肥收获指数以N2处理最高,氮肥当季回收利用率、氮肥农学效率、氮肥生产效率和氮肥利用效率均表现出随施氮量增加而降低的趋势;施氮量超过240 kg/hm~2,土壤硝态氮含量增加,且随种植年限的延长更加明显。采用一元二次方程拟合,获得小麦最高产量的施氮量为238.46~250.78 kg/hm~2,经济施氮量为174.28~207.18 kg/hm~2。综合考虑经济效益和生态效益,该条件下小麦滴灌经济施氮量以174~207 kg/hm~2为宜。     

猪流行性腹泻病毒山西分离株ORF3基因序列分析

为了研究山西地区猪流行性腹泻病毒ORF3基因的遗传变异情况,2014-2015年从山西地区11个地市收集的PEDV阳性病料中扩增到4株PEDV的ORF3基因,并进行序列比对及遗传分析。序列分析结果表明,4株PEDV山西分离毒株的ORF3基因与CV777毒株相比,无核苷酸插入和缺失,有部分核苷酸及氨基酸发生变异;4株PEDV山西分离毒株的ORF3基因之间核苷酸和氨基酸的同源性分别为99.6%~100.0%和98.7%~99.6%,与CV777、疫苗株CV777 truncated和attenuated DR13核苷酸同源性分别为96.6%~97.0%,90.6%,97.6%~98.1%,氨基酸同源性分别为95.1%~96.0%,88.0%,97.1%~98.1%。遗传进化分析结果显示,4株PEDV山西分离毒株与12株2010-2015年我国各地方分离的毒株和2009年分离的CH/JL/09毒株亲缘关系较近;与CV777、LZC、Brl/87和2个疫苗株(CV777truncated和attenuated DR13)亲缘关系较远。     

厌氧污泥颗粒化促进技术的研究进展

本文总结Ca^2＋，Al^3^＋，人工合成有机阳离子聚合物和壳聚糖促进厌氧污泥颗粒化的机理以及研究现状，认为上述物质在低浓度废水处理领域可以得到更进一步应用，同时应不断关注有机阳离子聚合物的发展情况。     

基于多块网格技术的离心泵叶轮CFD分析

网格生成是三维紊流数值分析的重要组成部分，其网格质量对数值求解的稳定性及精度至关重要。结构化网格具有节省内存和便于节点编号等优点被广泛使用。对于几何形状复杂的离心泵叶轮通道，用单块结构化网格难以很好地进行描述。采用多块网格技术，根据各块和流场的特点，探讨了离心泵叶轮通道结构化网格划分中的一些处理方法，同时对离心泵叶轮三维紊流场进行了雷诺平均N-S方程的数值模拟，检验了所提的方法。     

外源硒对60Co-γ辐射下菜豆幼苗生长和生理的影响

为探讨外源硒对⁶⁰Co-γ辐射下菜豆幼苗生长以及生理的影响,以菜豆品种‘13-6-1-2’和‘紫冠’为试验材料,通过外源喷施50 μg/mL的亚硒酸钠(Na₂SeO₃)溶液,研究⁶⁰Co-γ辐射(120 Gy)下外源Se对菜豆的表型、抗氧化酶活性(POD、SOD、CAT)、丙二醛(MDA)、叶绿素以及硒含量的影响。结果显示,⁶⁰Co-γ辐射下外源硒显著提高了菜豆幼苗体内的硒含量,也不同程度提高了抗氧化酶活性及MDA和叶绿素的含量。研究表明,叶面喷施适当浓度的外源硒可以促进菜豆的生长发育,提高菜豆自身的硒含量,提高其抗氧化能力,缓解⁶⁰Co-γ射线对菜豆幼苗生长的影响。