玉米自交系K12的创造与应用

K12是以高配合力玉米自交系黄早四和西南亚热带种质为基础材料,创造性运用“品系内群体轮回选择与自交系谱法选择”选育而成的优良自交系。它具有配合力高,抗逆性强,适应性广,综合农艺性状好的特点,因而被全国各地广泛应用。自20世纪90年代以来,用K12组配选育并经省市以上品种审定委员会审定的品种就有10多个,累计推广种植面积467万hm2,为中国玉米育种和生产做出了巨大的贡献。     

Conservation of transnational species: The tensions between legal requirements and best scientific evidence

1. This paper describes the tensions between the legal requirements for conservation and the most beneficial biological practice for mobile transnational marine species, using the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in European Atlantic waters as a case study.
2. Harbour porpoise are the smallest and one of the most abundant cetaceans occurring throughout the European continental shelf waters, and are affected by human activities occurring in the same waters, especially certain fishing activities.
3. The Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (the Bern Convention) and its implementing legislation the Council Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora 92/43/EEC (i.e. the Habitats Directive) are the main legal drivers for species conservation throughout the European Union. They aim for the long-term achievement of favourable conservation status and make provision for the use of two conservation measures: protected areas and strict protection measures. The strict protection measures aim to ensure that all forms of deliberate killing are prevented, and that where incidental killing and capture occurs, it does not have a negative effect on conservation status.
4. The conservation of harbour porpoise is currently dependent upon tackling the key issue of bycatch in fisheries. However, in challenges to Member States on their application of the Habitats Directive, the European Commission has chosen to focus on site designation rather than the implementation of the strict protection measures required to monitor and, where necessary, reduce bycatch.
5. This tension between a legal focus on the designation of protected areas instead of tackling threats such as bycatch has potentially led to negative conservation consequences for harbour porpoise and, in part, may explain why wider marine biodiversity has continued to deteriorate in Europe.

     

威宁中华蟾蜍的分子鉴定

为明确威宁中华蟾蜍的分子分类学地位,对采自贵州省威宁县的蟾蜍标本（标本号：LPSWN01A）进行线粒体12S rRNA 基因扩增和双重单系法分析。结果表明：该标本的序列大小为906 bp （GenBank 登录号：KJ803016）,基于数据集 A 构建的系统发育树中,威宁中华蟾蜍与7条中华蟾蜍同源序列聚为一个单系（中华蟾蜍支系）,威宁中华蟾蜍以较低的最大似然率独立为一个支系;基于数据集 B 构建的系统发育树中,威宁中华蟾蜍与2个中华蟾蜍华西亚种种群聚为一支,因此推断威宁产蟾蜍属于中华蟾蜍华西亚种（Bufo gararizans andrewsi ）。另外,威宁中华蟾蜍与云南怒江种群的遗传距离最近,为0．0093,说明威宁中华蟾蜍属于中华蟾蜍华西亚种,与之前的传统分类文献记载一致。     

乙醇等有机溶剂对肿瘤细胞PC12的毒性剂量分析

分析一定浓度的甲醇、乙醇、丙酮和甘油作用下肿瘤细胞 PC12形态和生存率的变化,确定上述有机溶剂对细胞的毒性剂量。研究发现,PC12细胞对上述溶剂表现出不同的耐受性,其中乙醇的毒性剂量最低,20 ml/L浓度作用24 h细胞生存率就下降近40%;该浓度的丙酮和甲醇干预 PC12细胞24 h对应的细胞生存率则分别下降约20%和15%;甘油的作用相对缓和,但随着干预浓度逐渐增大时,也表现明显的细胞毒性。该研究可为后续药理研究提供参考资料。     

HIV-1可溶性单链抗体b12-scFv的表达与活性分析

【目的】合成并克隆HIV-1单克隆抗体b12的单链抗体基因,在大肠杆菌中诱导表达,并分析表达产物的活性。【方法】以单抗b12的重链和轻链全基因为模板,分别扩增其可变区基因片段后,用重叠PCR的方法将二者拼接起来,形成scFv-VL-Linker-VH结构,并将其插入pET28a载体,构建原核表达载体pETb12-scFv。将pETb12-scFv转入大肠杆菌BL21StarTM(DE3),经IPTG诱导表达,对表达产物进行SDS-PAGE分析;用Ni-NTA金属螯合层析柱对表达产物进行分离纯化,用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)、荧光显微镜和流式细胞仪(FCM)检测纯化蛋白与HIV-1gp120的结合活性。【结果】得到了b12的单链抗体基因b12-scFv,长度为768bp;SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示,b12-scFv表达量较高,蛋白质分子质量约为29ku,主要以可溶性蛋白的形式存在,但也有部分形成不溶的包涵体;纯化后蛋白的产量约为2mg/L;活性检测结果表明,b12-scFv对分泌表达和锚定在细胞膜表面的HIV-1gp120都具有良好的特异性结合活性。【结论】单链抗体b12-scFv可以用于HIV-1受体结合位点的表位检测。     

Soil organic matter dynamics in grassland soils under elevated CO2: Insights from long-term incubations and stable isotopes

Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels generally stimulate carbon (C) uptake by plants, but the fate of this additional C largely remains unknown. This uncertainty is due in part to the difficulty in detecting small changes in soil carbon pools. We conducted a series of long-term (170-330 days) laboratory incubation experiments to examine changes in soil organic matter pool sizes and turnover rates in soil collected from an open-top chamber (OTC) elevated CO₂ study in Colorado shortgrass steppe. We measured concentration and isotopic composition of respired CO₂ and applied a two-pool exponential decay model to estimate pool sizes and turnover rates of active and slow C pools. The active and slow C pools of surface soils (5-10 cm depth) were increased by elevated CO₂, but turnover rates of these pools were not consistently altered. These findings indicate a potential for C accumulation in near-surface soil C pools under elevated CO₂. Stable isotopes provided evidence that elevated CO₂ did not alter the decomposition rate of new C inputs. Temporal variations in measured δ¹³C of respired CO₂ during incubation probably resulted mainly from the decomposition of changing mixtures of fresh residue and older organic matter. Lignin decomposition may have contributed to declining δ¹³C values late in the experiments. Isotopic dynamics during decomposition should be taken into account when interpreting δ¹³C measurements of soil respiration. Our study provides new understanding of soil C dynamics under elevated CO₂ through the use of stable C isotope measurements during microbial organic matter mineralization.     

刚果桉人工林营养元素生物循环研究

对刚果12号桉无性系W5人工林营养元素积累、分布和生物循环进行了研究。结果表明,刚果桉W5不同组分的营养元素含量存在差异。树叶的主要营养元素N、P、K、Ca、Mg含量均较高,树皮的Ca、K含量较高,树干主要营养元素的含量均较低;刚果桉W5人工林主要营养元素年净积累量随林龄增长而增加,2年生的主要营养元素净积累量的增幅最大;刚果桉W5人工林的N、K或Ca的年吸收量与总存留量较高,Mg次之,P最小。植后第5年,Ca的吸收与存留增加明显;刚果桉W5人工林归还林地的主要营养元素比例很低,2～5年生林木以凋落物形式归还的营养元素在12％～15％,其中N、Mg的归还率在20％以上,Ca的在8%～14％,P的在6．5％～9％,K的不足5％。与热带半落叶季雨林比较,刚果桉W5人工林的养分循环率要小得多,说明这一人工林土壤养分趋向于减少。     

鞘磷脂对小鼠肌卫星细胞C2C12成肌分化的影响

研究通过检测鞘磷脂对小鼠肌卫星细胞C2C12成肌分化的影响,旨在为阐明鞘磷脂对解偶联蛋白1（UCP1）基因敲入猪骨骼肌生长的影响提供理论依据。用ELISA法检测野生型猪和UCP1敲入猪背部肌肉及血清中总鞘磷脂含量;利用CCK8法检测不同浓度（0、5、20、50和100 μg/mL）鞘磷脂对C2C12细胞增殖和毒性的影响,并通过形态学观察和分化前后细胞成肌分化标记基因生肌因子5（Myf5）、生肌决定因子（MyoD）、肌细胞生成素（Myogenin）、生肌调节因子4（MRF4）的表达检测,建立C2C12成肌分化体系;在成肌分化培养基中添加上述不同浓度的鞘磷脂,诱导分化6 d后,通过形态学和Myogenin免疫荧光染色观察肌管的形成及成肌分化标记基因的mRNA表达水平检测,确定鞘磷脂的最佳添加浓度。用筛选出的最佳鞘磷脂添加浓度诱导细胞成肌分化,在2、4和6 d收集细胞,利用实时荧光定量PCR检测周期蛋白相关基因CyclinD1、CyclinE、CDK2和CDK4的表达水平,CCK8法检测诱导2 d细胞的活力。结果发现,与野生型猪相比,UCP1-KI猪背部肌肉组织中总鞘磷脂含量显著增加（P<0.05）;血清鞘磷脂含量差异不显著（P>0.05）;不同浓度鞘磷脂对未分化C2C12细胞的增殖无显著影响（P>0.05）;成肌分化6 d后,C2C12细胞形成明显的肌管,成肌分化标记基因Myf5、MyoD、Myogenin、MRF4的mRNA和蛋白水平均极显著上调（P<0.01）;与未添加鞘磷脂的对照组相比,20 μg/mL鞘磷脂组有更多肌管形成,Myogenin阳性信号和肌管融合指数均显著增加（P<0.05）,Myogenin、MRF4基因的表达量显著提高（P<0.05）。利用20 μg/mL鞘磷脂诱导细胞分化,在分化2 d时,处理组CyclinE、CDK4基因表达量显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,细胞活力也显著高于对照组（P<0.05）;分化6 d后,处理组CyclinD1、CyclinE、CDK2、CDK4基因表达量均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。本研究结果表明,20 μg/mL鞘磷脂能够提高小鼠肌卫星细胞C2C12分化早期细胞活力和成肌分化效率,可为研究鞘磷脂对骨骼肌生长的影响提供一定的参考。     

Organic matter in density fractions of water-stable aggregates in silty soils: Effect of land use

The location of soil organic matter (SOM) within the soil matrix is considered a major factor determining its turnover, but quantitative information about the effects of land cover and land use on the distribution of SOM at the soil aggregate level is rare. We analyzed the effect of land cover/land use (spruce forest, grassland, wheat and maize) on the distribution of free particulate organic matter (POM) with a density <1.6 g cm⁻³ (free POM_<1.6), occluded particulate organic matter with densities <1.6 g cm⁻³ (occluded POM_<1.6) and 1.6-2.0 g cm⁻³ (occluded POM_1.6-2.0) and mineral-associated SOM (>2.0 g cm⁻³) in size classes of slaking-resistant aggregates (53-250, 250-1000, 1000-2000, >2000 μm) and in the sieve fraction <53 μm from silty soils by applying a combined aggregate size and density fractionation procedure. We also determined the turnover time of soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions at the aggregate level in the soil of the maize site using the ¹³C/¹²C isotope ratio. SOM contents were higher in the grassland soil aggregates than in those of the arable soils mainly because of greater contents of mineral-associated SOM. The contribution of occluded POM to total SOC in the A horizon aggregates was greater in the spruce soil (23-44%) than in the grassland (11%) and arable soils (19%). The mass and carbon content of both the free and occluded POM fractions were greater in the forest soil than in the grassland and arable soils. In all soils, the C/N ratios of soil fractions within each aggregate size class decreased in the following order: free POM_<1.6>occluded POM_<1.6-2.0>mineral-associated SOM. The mean age of SOC associated with the <53 μm mineral fraction of water-stable aggregates in the Ap horizon of the maize site varied between 63 and 69 yr in aggregates >250 μm, 76 yr in the 53-250 μm aggregate class, and 102 yr in the sieve fraction <53 μm. The mean age of SOC in the occluded POM increased with decreasing aggregate size from 20 to 30 yr in aggregates >1000 μm to 66 yr in aggregates <53 μm. Free POM had the most rapid rates of C-turnover, with residence times ranging from 10 yr in the fraction >2000 μm to 42 yr in the fraction 53-250 μm. Results indicated that SOM in slaking-resistant aggregates was not a homogeneous pool, but consisted of size/density fractions exhibiting different composition and stability. The properties of these fractions were influenced by the aggregate size. Land cover/land use were important factors controlling the amount and composition of SOM fractions at the aggregate level.