粉垄“4453”增产提质效应及其利民利国发展潜能

袁隆平院士接受媒体记者提出:"粉垄技术可在全国推广"。该文介绍了粉垄重构农田耕作层具"4453"效应,即:"四增"—增加耕层松土量、土壤原生养分利用量,增大"土壤水库"、"土壤氧气库";"四减"—减少水土流失、碳排放量,减低耕层土壤含盐量、重金属含量;"五抗"—增强作物抗干旱、高温、低温、病害、倒伏等能力;"三提高"—促进作物光合效率提高10%以上,产量提高10%~30%以上,品质提高5%以上;人力、畜力、拖拉机耕作依次具增产10%规律,粉垄耕作则还具函拖拉机耕作加上再翻倍深松耕层叠加效应可达20甚至更高增产;指出如全国推广10亿亩,可增贮天然降水400亿立方,盘活土壤原生养分后可减少化肥施用量70多亿千克,新增粮食可多养活3亿多人,产生总体效应还可以助力提升国民身体健康水平和社会稳定、国家安全。     

西藏墨竹工卡积雪时空分布特征分析

利用MODIS10A2积雪产品数据（2001～2013年）对西藏墨竹工卡县积雪的时间变化及其空间分布特征进行分析,结果表明,西藏墨竹工卡地区墨竹工卡98.62％的区域积雪持续日数是不超过180d;积雪随着海拔升高,持续天数也在增加;积雪覆盖率年际变化趋势不明显,但季节性差异大.     

苦参注射液治疗乙型肝炎性肝硬化疗效及其作用机制研究

目的：观察苦参注射液对慢性乙型肝炎性肝硬化的临床效果及其作用机制.方法将58例慢性乙型肝炎性肝硬化患者随机分为观察组和对照组,在一般支持治疗的基础上,观察组加用苦参注射液,治疗8周后,比较两组肝功能、肝纤维化指标.结果观察组肝功能改善显著,肝纤维化减轻,与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论在正常治疗基础上加用苦参注射液,有助于肝炎性肝硬化患者的肝功能恢复,有较好的临床效果.其作用机制可能是通过影响外周单核细胞IL-10表达、调节机体促炎抗炎平衡而实现的.     

Fungal growth on a common wood substrate across a tropical elevation gradient: Temperature sensitivity, community composition, and potential for above-ground decomposition

Fungal breakdown of plant material rich in lignin and cellulose (i.e. lignocellulose) is of central importance to terrestrial carbon (C) cycling due to the abundance of lignocellulose above and below-ground. Fungal growth on lignocellulose is particularly influential in tropical forests, as woody debris and plant litter contain between 50% and 75% lignocellulose by weight, and can account for 20% of the C stored in these ecosystems. In this study, we evaluated factors affecting fungal growth on a common wood substrate along a wet tropical elevation gradient in the Peruvian Andes. We had three objectives: 1) to determine the temperature sensitivity of fungal growth - i.e. Q₁₀, the factor by which fungal biomass increases given a 10 °C temperature increase; 2) to assess the potential for above-ground fungal colonization and growth on lignocellulose in a wet tropical forest; and 3) to characterize the community composition of fungal wood decomposers across the elevation gradient. We found that fungal growth had a Q₁₀ of 3.93 (95% CI of 2.76-5.61), indicating that fungal biomass accumulation on the wood substrate nearly quadrupled with a 10 °C increase in temperature. The Q₁₀ for fungal growth on wood at our site is higher than Q₁₀ values reported for litter decomposition in other tropical forests. Moreover, we found that above-ground fungal growth on the wood substrate ranged between 37% and 50% of that measured in the soil, suggesting above-ground breakdown of lignocellulose represents an unexplored component of the C cycle in wet tropical forests. Fungal community composition also changed significantly along the elevation gradient, and Ascomycota were the dominant wood decomposers at all elevations. Fungal richness did not change significantly with elevation, directly contrasting with diversity patterns observed for plant and animal taxa across this gradient. Significant variation in fungal community composition across the gradient suggests that the characteristics of fungal decomposer communities are, directly or indirectly, influenced by temperature.     

Unfrozen water content moderates temperature dependence of sub-zero microbial respiration

Abrupt increases in the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration below 0 °C have been interpreted as a change in the dominance of other co-dependent environmental controls, such as the availability of liquid-state water. Yet the relationship between unfrozen water content and soil respiration at sub-zero temperatures has received little attention because of difficulties in measuring unfrozen water contents. Using a recently-developed semi-solid ²H NMR technique the unfrozen water content present in seasonally frozen boreal forest soils was quantified and related to biotic CO₂ efflux in laboratory microcosms maintained at temperatures between −0.5 and −8 °C. In both soils the unfrozen water content had an exponential relationship with temperature and was increased by addition of KCl solutions of defined osmotic potential. Approximately 13% unfrozen water was required to release the dependence of soil respiration on unfrozen water content. Depending on the osmotic potential of soil solution, this threshold unfrozen water content was associated with temperatures down to −6 °C; yet if temperature were the predictor of CO₂ efflux, then the abrupt increase in the temperature sensitivity of CO₂ efflux was associated with −2 °C, except in soils amended with −1500 kPa KCl which did not show any abrupt changes in temperature sensitivity. The KCl-amendments also had the effect of decreasing Q₁₀ values and activation energies (Ea) by factors of 100 and three, respectively, to values comparable with those for soil respiration in unfrozen soil. The disparity between the threshold temperatures and the reductions in Q₁₀ values and activation energies after KCl amendment indicates the significance of unfrozen water availability as an environmental control of equal importance to temperature acting on sub-zero soil respiration. However, this significance was diminished when soils were supplied with abundant labile C (sucrose) and the influences of other environmental controls, allied to the solubility and diffusion of respiratory substrates and gases, are considered to increase.     

竹醋液对田间防治斜纹夜蛾和茶小绿叶蝉的增效研究

 分别在棉田和茶园开展了添加不同浓度的竹醋液对5%氟铃尿防治斜纹夜蛾1~2龄幼虫和10%吡虫啉防治茶小绿叶蝉的增效研究，结果表明：5%氟铃尿添加稀释400倍竹醋液防治斜纹夜蛾1~2龄幼虫，施药后7d增效作用显著，施用农药推荐剂量的一半可达到推荐剂量的防效。10%吡虫啉添加稀释400倍竹醋液防治茶园茶小绿叶蝉，施药后1d、3d和7d、11d增效作用均显著，施药后1d、3d施用农药推荐剂量的一半可达到推荐剂量的防效，但添加稀释600倍竹醋液，施药后1d增效作用显著，施药后3d、7d和11d增效作用不显著。     

溴酚兰—丁基罗丹明等色染料离子对萃取光度法测定微量铜（Ⅱ）

基于铜，邻二氮菲和溴酚兰形成Ｃｕ：ｐｈｅｎ：ＢＰＢ为１：３：１的三元配合物且丁基罗丹明Ｂ与溴酚兰形成经ＢＰＢ：ＢＲＢ为１：３的等色染料离子对，建立了等色染出子对萃取法测Ｃｕ的新方法，该法摩尔吸光系数为２．８６×１０＾５Ｌ．ｍｏｌ＾－１．ｃｍ＾－１线性９．４４×１０＾－７－８．６５×１０＾－５ｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１。     

Genetic variation in bitter pit and fruit calcium concentrations within a diverse apple germplasm collection

Summary Genetic variability in the apple [Malus] fruit disorder bitter pit and fruit calcium concentrations ([Ca]) was determined in 25 seedling families at each of two sites from 1999 to 2000 and again for one site, in 2001. Most trees were free of pit or had low pit incidence, which could be approximated by an over-dispersed binomial distribution. A genetic component to external and internal pit incidence was found across both sites and all years. This effect was irrespective of the use of several cropping factors, average fruit weight or fruit mineral concentrations as covariates in the analyses. Year and/or site always had substantial effects on pit incidence. Interactions of genetic effects with site or year were also detected with large differences in mean pit incidence between sites or years for some families but not others. No relationship was found between mean family pit incidence and mean family [Ca] or mean family harvest date. However fruit [Ca] and harvest date were usually important predictors of within-family variation in pit incidence. For any one seedling, family had the largest effect on bitter pit incidence followed by site and [Ca] and the smallest effect was that of harvest date. [Ca] showed a strong genetic component and estimated family means of [Ca] were consistent at different sites and years. These results suggest that susceptibility of apple genotypes to bitter pit in breeding programmes may be best assessed through screening across multiple sites and seasons. Fruit [Ca] might be useful as an indirect selection index for bitter pit within, but not among families.     

石家庄市园林绿地滞尘效益评估

为了评价石家庄城市园林绿地吸附空气中悬浮颗粒物,进而减少其对人体健康危害的影响,采用大气污染物干沉降通量模型和暴露—反应关系模型定量评估了2013年石家庄市园林植物吸附PM10与PM2.5总量及产生的健康效益。结果表明:石家庄市园林绿地吸附PM10的总量为13813.4 t/a,吸附PM2.5的总量为6974.6 t/a,导致减少死亡11.58人/d,呼吸系统入院32.12人/d,折合经济价值每年约为19.5亿元,占国民生产总值的4.3‰。该结果为园林绿化植物降低大气颗粒物污染、优化人类生存环境及城市园林绿化规划提供了理论依据。