不同氮磷钾肥用量对五指毛桃叶绿素含量的影响

为探讨在"3414"肥料试验中叶绿素仪测定叶绿素的精确度,以及不同施肥处理对五指毛桃叶片SPAD值与叶绿素含量的影响,采用SPAD叶绿素仪和酒精-丙酮浸提法对五指毛桃不同叶片的SPAD值、叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量进行测定。结果表明,不同施肥处理对五指毛桃3片叶片的SPAD值,倒1叶的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量,倒2叶的叶绿素a以及倒3叶的叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量的影响不显著;对倒2叶的叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量,倒3叶的叶绿素a影响显著。氮、磷、钾肥对五指毛桃叶片SPAD值和叶绿素含量效应依次为N肥P肥K肥。SPAD值、叶绿素a、叶绿素b及总叶绿素含量从倒1叶至倒3叶呈现逐渐增加的趋势,但增加的幅度因施肥处理不同而不同。倒1叶的SPAD值与叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素总量呈负相关;倒2叶的SPAD值与叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素总量均呈极显著正相关;倒3叶的SPAD值与叶绿素a呈负相关,而与叶绿素b及叶绿素总量均呈显著正相关,表明在"3414"肥料试验中倒2叶的SPAD值更能准确地预测其叶绿素的绝对含量。该研究为叶绿素仪在五指毛桃生理实验中正确应用提供了科学依据,也为五指毛桃在成龄胶园间作实践提供了理论指导。     

西安少陵塬黄土—古土壤序列S_3剖面元素迁移及古气候意义

以西安少陵塬S3古土壤剖面为研究对象,通过地球化学分析并结合野外剖面观察,探讨该剖面的元素迁移、化学风化特征及其所揭示的气候变化等问题。结果表明:(1)少陵塬剖面S3黏化层具有3层结构,根据铁质胶膜发育、Ca CO3迁移等可以将S3剖面构型划分为黏化层(Bts1-Bts2-Bts3)、风化淋滤黄土层(BC)和Ca CO3结核淀积层(Bck);(2)Bts层Ca O与Ca CO3迁移程度最大,淋失率分别达到了-99.3%、-83.1%,Sr、Na2O和Mg O也发生了显著迁移,而Fe2O3、Al2O3和Rb则在黏化层略有富集,尤其Fe2O3和Al2O3在Bts3层有明显富集;(3)少陵塬S3古土壤介于初等风化向中等强度风化的过渡阶段,风化作用由BC→Bts2→Bts1→Bts3逐渐增强,Bts3已基本完成初期脱Ca、Na风化过程;(4)依据Ca CO3与Fe2O3的迁移富集特点确定,少陵塬剖面S3古土壤Bts3发育时的土壤为弱碱性,而Bts1和Bts2为碱性;初步确定少陵塬S3为黄褐土,S3发育时期西安地区的年均降水量为800 mm左右。     

农户休耕意愿与不同模式的补偿标准——以太行山北麓平原、黑龙港地区为例

农户是耕地利用主体,研究其视角下的休耕意愿和不同模式的受偿标准,对政策推行有实际意义。以太行山北麓平原、黑龙港地区为例,调研走访农户分别得到81份和148份有效问卷,通过统计分析、机会成本法和受偿意愿法等,研究了农户休耕意愿和不同模式的补偿标准。结果表明:（1）超过50%受访农户休耕意愿依补偿而定,两区域调整种植结构模式的接受度均高于减少灌溉次数模式。考虑到粮食安全,黑龙港地区调整为种植春玉米,水资源补给性较好的太行山北麓平原实行减少灌溉次数方式;（2）不同模式下两区域农户受偿意愿值均高于机会成本值。建议种植春玉米时补偿标准为7 500元/hm²,减灌时太行山北麓平原、黑龙港地区补偿标准分别为灌溉1次下2 504.7元/hm²,2 126.4元/hm²,灌溉2次下1 252.35元/hm²,1 063.2元/hm²。本研究从农户视角对休耕政策进行了反馈,提出不同模式下的补偿标准,为休耕政策的具体制定和实施提供借鉴。     

酿酒曲对柑橘梨汁复合酒发酵工艺的影响

通过添加不同含量的酿酒曲到柑橘梨汁复合液进行试验,结果表明：酿酒曲具有提高果汁出汁率,从而提高酒精度的作用;适当提高酿酒曲含量有利于果汁含糖量的快速降解,可获得较高浓度的酒精     

单季稻“甬优9号”病虫发生特点与防治技术研究

调查结果表明：与本地单季稻当家品种两优培九相比,甬优9号病虫发生有如下特点：①移栽期较迟避过了1代二化螟的为害,因此1代﹑2代螟虫为害较轻,但由于甬优9号生育期较长,穗期3代螟虫虫伤株为害相对较重。②稻纵卷叶螟发生前期四（2）代发生轻于两优培九,中期五（3）代发生重于籼型两优培九。③稻飞虱发生前中期四（2）﹑五（3）代白背飞虱和五（3）代褐稻虱发生较轻,同时茎秆粗壮,耐害性较好,后期六（4）代褐稻虱的发生重于两优培九,由于成熟期较迟还增加了10月份七（5）代的发生为害。④易感稻曲病。针对甬优9号病虫发生特点,在防治策略上调整如下：①放宽甬优9号营养生长阶段的防治指标,发挥甬优9号耐害性强的优点,减少病虫防治次数,保护和利用天敌的生态调控能力。②根据破口期天气情况,做好稻曲病等穗期病害的预防。③抓好穗期3代螟虫﹑褐稻虱的防治,确保丰收。     

冰温贮藏对山西不同产地玉露香梨挥发性有机物的影响

为了解冰温贮藏对不同产地玉露香梨挥发性有机物影响的差异性,采用气相离子迁移谱技术对山西省3个产地(隰县、原平、清徐)玉露香梨贮藏前后的挥发性有机物进行分析,以期为提升贮后果实风味品质提供数据参考。结果表明:通过气相离子迁移谱检测出玉露香梨采后主要挥发性有机物有酯类、醛类、醇类、酮类、酸类、呋喃类及其他未定性物质;其中酯类、醛类物质的相对含量占比达38.31%~39.10%。3个产地玉露香梨采后特征风味物质分别为:隰县玉露香梨为丙酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯、(E)-2-己烯醛、2-甲基丙醛、壬醛等,原平玉露香梨为丙酸己酯、乙酸戊酯、丁酸己酯、己醛、3-戊酮、正己醇等,清徐玉露香梨为2-甲基丁酸甲酯、丁酸乙酯、乙醇、3-戊酮和异丁酸等。冰温贮藏后,3个产区玉露香梨果实的酯类物质含量有不同程度下降,醛类、醇类和酮类物质含量增加。其中隰县玉露香梨醛类物质相对含量较高,清徐玉露香梨酮类物质相对含量较高。根据风味物质的主成分分析,可将贮藏前后及3个产地玉露香梨进行有效区分。     

自由人槭‘秋焰’(Acer×freemanii‘Autumn Blaze’)组培的褐变控制研究

针对自由人槭‘秋焰’(Acer×freemanii‘Autumn Blaze’)初代培养外植体褐化严重问题,采取不同取材时间、添加抗褐变剂、暗处理等措施,研究了三种措施对自由人槭‘秋焰’组织培养中褐化的影响效应。结果表明:随着取材月份变化,外植体褐化率提高;AC和PVP对褐变的处理,与Vc和Na2S2O3的处理相比达到差异极显著,又以2.0g/L的PVP抑制褐化效果最佳;随着黑暗处理时间的加长,褐化率呈现高-低-高的变化趋势。春季4、5月份取材,接种于添加PVP2.0g/L的MS上时,直接进行光照培养,可有效控制褐变。     

萝卜新品种热杂60的选育

萝卜新品种热杂６０以萝卜雄性不育系１２２５Ａ为母本,６０早９０－８－８－３－１３自交系为父本配制而成,肉质根近圆形,皮肉白色,生食脆嫩,煮食化渣味甜,具有耐热、早熟、抗病毒病、不易糠心等特点,一般６６７ｍ＾２产２５００ｋｇ左右,最高可达６０００ｋｇ以上。     

Spatiotemporal dynamics of plant diversity in response to farmers’ evolved settlements in Shanghai

The expansion of the Shanghai metropolitan region has caused a substantial amount of farmland to become urbanized. Most farmers have lost their land and have been relocated from villages to new collective settlements, resulting in dramatic changes in the landscape pattern. This study explores the effects of this transformation on the spatiotemporal dynamics of plant diversity. We randomly sampled 22 plots comprising 294 subplots within two crossed transects that pass through 5 traditional villages and 17 new settlements. The results show that resettlement has exerted significant effects on plant species diversity, both temporally and spatially. Temporally, the Gleason index (GI) of total species over time could be ordered as 1990s > 2000s > 1980s, while Shannon’s diversity index (SHDI) was ordered as 2000s > 1990s > 1980s. Spatially, the GI of total species decreased from the urban center to the exurbs or from the inside to the outside of the built-up areas. SHDI was highest in suburbs or ecotones. Furthermore, the GI of total species had significant correlations with those of indigenous species, exotic species, and planted species (r > 0.90, p < 0.01) as well as with the region and location of settlement (r < −0.48, p < 0.01). Both indigenous and exotic species had significant positive correlations with total species richness at 0.01 levels. Generally, compared with traditional settlements, new settlements displayed greater richness and diversity of plant species, primarily because of the exotic species present in new settlements. The farmers’ socio-economic status was found to be the primary cause of differences in species richness. To protect indigenous and wild species, it is necessary to take into account local knowledge in villages to encourage Chinese farmers to participate actively in community greening. A bridge should be built between traditional villages and modern settlements and between the past and future for farmers.     

Effect of apple cultivars and storage periods on the virulence of Neofabraea spp.

Bull’s eye rot is a typical quiescent postharvest apple disease in major fruit-growing areas. The susceptibility of different apple cultivars to Neofabraea spp. (N. vagabunda and N. malicorticis) was assessed, with Granny Smith showing the most resistance and Cripps Pink the most susceptibility. To assess the factors involved in conidial germination, Neofabraea spp. were grown on crude protein extracts (CPEs) collected from apple fruits at different storage periods. Fungal germ tube growth rate and pathogenic enzyme (cellulase and xylanase) activity were assessed. Results showed that CPEs collected after 2 and 4 months of storage progressively stimulated conidial germination and germ tube elongation, while a lesser effect was observed from CPEs after 1 month of storage. Xylanase proved to be the main degrading enzyme secreted by all the isolates, while cellulase was produced only by N. vagabunda isolates. Overall, the isolate ID02 was the most virulent, based on more rapid germ tube elongation and greater activity of the lytic enzymes.