两种索绪尔批判思考——读时枝诚记与本维尼斯特

索绪尔是二十世纪最杰出的语言学家,他引领了语言学研究的哥白尼式革命并创立了结构主义语言学。索绪尔语言学理论不仅对语言学研究意义重大,而且也对二十世纪人文社会学科提供了丰富的哲学暗示。然而同对索绪尔的拥簇一样,对索绪尔的批评也从未停止。对索绪尔批评最具代表性的观点来自于日本著名语言学家时枝诚记和法国著名语言学家本维尼斯特。从二者对索绪尔的批判中可以看出学界对索绪尔思想中一些重要概念的分歧,这对推动索绪尔研究有着重要的意义。     

秸秆不同还田方式对土壤入渗特性及持水能力的影响

通过入渗试验及对土壤水分特征曲线的测定,对比研究了秸秆在经过粉碎、氨化及与无机土壤改良剂混合3种措施处理后加入土壤中对土壤入渗特性及持水特征的影响。结果显示：长秸秆处理加入土壤后显著降低土壤入渗能力;粉碎氨化后的秸秆较对照处理及粉碎秸秆处理能显著增加土壤稳定入渗率、土壤累积入渗量,同时在经过30 d培养后土壤体积质量较对照低7.13%;无机土壤改良剂（氢氧化铁）能显著提高土壤稳定入渗率和累积入渗量,但在减小土壤体积质量、增加土壤孔隙度作用方面不如氨化秸秆处理显著,同时当秸秆与其混合加入土壤时未对土壤改良效果起到正交互作用;各种处理土壤持水能力差异不明显,但粉碎并氨化措施处理过的秸秆在中低吸力段均表现出较高的土壤持水能力,这对于提高旱区农田蓄水保墒抗旱能力有重要意义。     

不同除草剂对贵州高粱田苗前杂草的防效

为控制贵州高粱田苗前杂草,比较了莠去津、烟嘧.莠去津、使它隆和农达4种除草剂对高粱田杂草苗前的田间防效和药害。结果表明,烟嘧.莠去津300倍液对高粱田杂草有较好的防除效果,药后14d的防效可达83.4%,且对高粱药害较轻。对空心莲子草和田旋花较多的高粱田,可以考虑在播后苗前施用使它隆。     

氯吡·唑草酮WP对大麦田阔叶杂草的防效及安全性

为了明确34%氯吡·唑草酮WP对大麦田中的阔叶杂草猪殃殃、荠菜、泽漆、婆婆纳和大巢菜的防效以及对大麦的安全性,于2010～2011年进行了34%氯吡.唑草酮WP防除大麦田阔叶杂草的防效和安全性试验,结果表明:34%氯吡.唑草酮WP可用于防除大麦田中多种阔叶杂草,使用一次,基本可以控制大麦全生育期不受阔叶杂草危害,且杀草速度快,增产显著。在试验剂量范围内对大麦及下茬移栽棉花安全。建议用量:冬季在大麦3～4叶期、杂草2叶期450 g/hm2较为合适,春季在2月下旬至3月上旬大麦返青拔节前以450～600 g/hm2为宜。     

烟嘧·莠去津不同剂型对后茬作物幼苗的影响

通过水培法研究了4种不同烟嘧磺隆·莠去津的剂型(20%烟嘧磺隆.莠去津可分散油悬浮剂、22%烟嘧磺隆.莠去津油悬浮剂、23%烟嘧磺隆.莠去津悬浮剂、79%烟嘧磺隆.莠去津水分散粒剂)对后茬作物幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,烟嘧磺隆.莠去津的不同剂型对于油菜和萝卜主根伸长的影响较大,在浓度仅为10mg/L时,对后茬作物就具有抑制作用;而对油菜和萝卜的芽长则影响较小,当药剂浓度大于80 mg/L才对后茬作物有影响;而对于小麦,可分散油悬浮剂对小麦的主根伸长和芽长的影响较大,而其他3个剂型的影响相对较小。     

40%苯噻酰·苄·高杀可湿性粉剂防除水稻直播田杂草效果

为明确杂草防除对水稻田间管理的重要性,研究40%苯噻酰·苄·高杀可湿性粉剂对水稻直播田主要杂草的防除效果、对水稻产量的影响以及杂草氮、磷、钾和水分含量的变化规律。结果表明,40%苯噻酰·苄·高杀可湿性粉剂对水稻直播田的主要杂草具有良好的防除效果,有效成分用量为600～1 800 g/hm2的40%苯噻酰·苄·高杀WP综合密度防效和综合鲜重防效分别为96.44%～99.62%、97.14%～99.92%,显著优于对照药剂36%禾·苄WP、10%苄嘧磺隆WP和50%苯噻酰草胺WP。40%苯噻酰·苄·高杀可湿性粉剂施用后,增产效果总体优于对照药剂。     

夏秋用家蚕品种9·芙×7·湘和洞·庭×碧·波在推广繁育中的主要经济性状变化

夏秋用家蚕品种9·芙×7·湘、洞·庭×碧·波在我国蚕茧生产上大面积饲养已有10多年。近期调查2对品种的主要经济性状表明,与品种审定时相比,9.芙×7.湘的全茧量、茧层量、万蚕产茧量、万蚕茧层量、一粒茧丝量、茧丝长和茧丝纤度以及洞·庭×碧·波的全茧量、茧丝长、茧丝纤度等主要经济性状退化达到极显著水平,其中同一品种来自不同繁育地的样本间,其性状成绩差异较大,9·芙×7·湘的万蚕茧层量、解舒率、茧丝纤度以及洞·庭×碧·波的全茧量、茧层量、万蚕产茧量、万蚕茧层量、一粒茧丝量、茧丝长、解舒丝长等性状的变异系数均超过10%。两对品种相比较,洞·庭×碧·波经过10年的繁育,除茧丝洁净外,其它各项经济性状仍优于9·芙×7·湘。建议各地原种繁育单位通过品种亲本(原种)的异地品系杂交或异地繁育继代的方法,取长补短,维持品种的优良经济性状。此外,9·芙×7·湘的原种繁育还应在选留茧丝品质优良蛾区的基础上,注重对产卵性状和饲养性状的选择。     

Improving the quality of rice straw by urea and calcium hydroxide on rumen ecology,microbial protein synthesis in beef cattle

Four rumen‐fistulated beef cattle were randomly assigned to four treatments according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design to study the influence of urea and calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)₂] treatment of rice straw to improve the nutritive value of rice straw. Four dietary treatments were as follows: untreated rice straw, 50 g/kg urea‐treated rice straw, 20 g/kg urea + 20 g/kg calcium hydroxide‐treated rice straw and 30 g/kg urea + 20 g/kg calcium hydroxide‐treated rice straw. All animals were kept in individual pens and fed with concentrate at 0.5 g/kg of BW (DM), rice straw was fed ad libitum. The experiment was conducted for four periods, and each period lasted for 21 days. During the first 14 days, DM feed intake measurements were made while during the last 7 days, all cattle were moved to metabolism crates for total faeces and urine collections. The results revealed that 20 g/kg urea + 20 g/kg calcium hydroxide‐treated rice straw improved the nutritive value of rice straw, in terms of dry matter intake, digestibility, ruminal volatile fatty acids, population of bacteria and fungi, nitrogen retention and microbial protein synthesis. Based on this study, it could be concluded that using urea plus calcium hydroxide was one alternative method to improve the nutritive value of rice straw, rumen ecology and fermentation and thus a reduction of treatment cost.     

Effects of 25(OH)D3 supplementation during late gestation on the serum biochemistry and reproductive performance of aged sows and newborn piglets

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of diet type (normal or low Ca and P diets) and 25(OH)D₃ supplementation (with or with not 2000 IU/kg 25(OH)D₃) during late gestation on the serum biochemistry and reproductive performance of aged sows and newborn piglets. A total of 40 sows, which are at their 7th parity, were divided into four groups: control group (standard diet), low Ca group, 25(OH)D₃ group and low Ca plus 25(OH)D₃ group respectively (10 in each group). The blood of sows on day 100 and 114 of gestation and newborn piglets was collected for serum biochemical analyses. Results showed that the reproductive performance of sows was not influenced by diet type or 25(OH)D₃ supplementation (p > 0.05). And the addition of 25(OH)D₃ to diet low Ca group caused that the content of serum TG in sows on day 100 of gestation was not different from that of the control group (p > 0.05). The addition of 25(OH)D₃ significantly decreases the content of serum TG in sows on day 114 of gestation (p < 0.05). The addition of 25(OH)D₃ significantly increased the content of serum UREA and CREA in newborn piglets (p < 0.05). Overall, feeding 2000 IU/kg 25(OH)D₃ to aged sows at late gestation had no effects on reproductive performance, but partly contributed to keeping serum TG balance in sows and may indicate increased pressure on kidneys in newborn piglets.     

猪链球菌病病原分离鉴定及防治研究

从20份疑似猪败血型链球菌病和神经型链球病的病料中分离到12株细菌,通过培养特性、菌落形态、染色特性、生化试验及血清学试验确定为C群兽医链球菌7株,D群猪链球菌5株.药敏试验证明分离菌对先锋霉素V、阿米卡星敏感,经临床应用效果良好.用分离菌株研制成二价氢氧化铝胶灭活苗能有效地预防猪链球菌病,临床应用免疫保护率可达90%以上.