Demonstration of alternative feeds for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, reared in low salinity waters of west Alabama

The replacement of marine proteins with vegetable proteins or terrestrial animal byproducts in aquaculture diets has been gaining momentum. This study examines the viability of replacing fish meal in shrimp production diets with alternative protein sources (combinations of vegetable proteins) in inland low salinity waters of west Alabama. The test diets were formulated to contain 36% protein and 8% lipid. The basal diet contained 10% fish meal. The fish meal was then replaced (on a weight to weight basis) with poultry meal (PM), pea meal or distiller's dried grain with solubles (DDGS). Two separate experiments (laboratory trial and farm trial) were devised to test the efficacy of the diets for Litopenaeus vannamei reared in low salinity waters. The laboratory trial was conducted at the E. W. Shell Fisheries Research Station in Auburn, Alabama, USA, whereas the farm trial examined the same diets in an outdoor flow-through system at a low salinity shrimp farm in west Alabama. Results indicate no significant differences in shrimp growth, weight gain, survival or feed conversion ratio among dietary treatments, suggesting that PM, pea meal and DDGS can serve as alternatives to fish meal as a protein source for shrimp reared in low salinity environments.     

Effect of micronized pea seeds (Pisum sativum L.) as a substitute of soybean meal on tissue fatty acid composition and quality of broiler chicken meat

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of micronized pea seeds introduced into feed mixes for broilers on the slaughter yield, blood lipid parameters, content of fatty acids in selected tissues, and meat quality. The studies involved 150 1‐day‐old Ross 308 chicks split into three groups (for 42 days). The feed rations differed in terms of the source of proteins: in the control group (C), it was post‐extraction soybean meal (SBM) 100%; in group I, SBM 50% and micronized peas 50%; and in group II, micronized peas only, 100%. Irradiated pea seeds added to the feed ration for chicks reduced the fattening grade of carcasses (P < 0.05). Additionally, significant improvement of blood lipid indices was recorded. The share of the irradiated pea seeds in feed mixes decreased the share of saturated fatty acids in the muscles and abdominal fat and had a positive effect on the n‐6/n‐3 ratio, hypocholesterolemic / hypercholesterolemic ratio, as well as the atherogenic and thrombogenic indices (P < 0.05).     

基于LSTM神经网络模拟的陇中黄土高原沟壑区保护性耕作下土壤贮水量变化

为分析陇中黄土高原沟壑区不同保护性耕作措施的贮水效果,本研究利用春小麦/豌豆（W/P）、豌豆/春小麦（P/W）轮作的长期定位试验,分别设置传统耕作（T）、免耕（NT）、传统耕作秸秆覆盖（TS）和免耕覆盖（NTS）4种耕作措施,以当地月平均气温、月降水量、月平均辐射量、月平均蒸发量、月作物耗水量为输入因子,以月土壤贮水量为输出,建立基于长短期记忆（Long Short-Term Memory,LSTM）神经网络的土壤贮水量预测模型,并对该模型的有效性进行评估。研究结果表明：1）基于LSTM神经网络建立的土壤贮水量模型对陇中黄土高原沟壑区保护性耕作下土壤贮水量预测具有较好的适用性,模型模拟结果的平均均方根误差为7.76 mm,平均绝对误差为6.95 mm,相对误差控制在-5%~+5%的范围内。2） P/W轮作序列中各处理的土壤贮水量均比W/P轮作序列增加1.09%~1.43%。3）不同轮作序列,NTS处理的贮水效果均优于其他3种耕作措施,在W/P轮作序列中,NTS处理的年均土壤贮水量比T、NT和TS分别增加2.89%、1.70%和2.46%;在P/W轮作序列中,NTS处理的年均土壤贮水量比T、NT和TS分别增加3.03%、1.91%和2.57%。4）不同降水年型,NTS处理的土壤贮水量最高,且干旱年效果更加显著,其中丰水年NTS处理的土壤贮水量比T、NT和TS平均增加2.71%、1.48%和2.19%,而干旱年平均增加3.97%、2.54%和3.64%。5）保护性耕作措施的贮水效果随季节发生变化,作物生长前期（3-5月）保护性耕作措施的贮水优势较为明显,进入作物生长旺盛期（5-6月）保护性耕作措施与传统耕作的贮水效果差异不显著,而作物生长后期（7月）保护性耕作措施较传统耕作土壤贮水量明显增加。基于LSTM神经网络模拟环境下免耕覆盖的贮水保墒效果最好,为陇中黄土高原沟壑区最适宜的保护性耕作措施。     

不同根瘤菌株对半无叶型豌豆生育特征、产量及品质的影响

在盆栽条件下,对加拿大豌豆品种M.P.1824接种8株豌豆根瘤菌菌株,研究其对豌豆生育特征、产量及品质的影响。结果显示:与不接种对照相比,接种根瘤菌可以延长豌豆生育期,促进后期豌豆植株生长,提高产量,增加籽粒粗蛋白质、粗纤维含量,以及降低可溶性糖含量。其中,接种菌株ACCC 16058豌豆初花期、盛花初荚期、盛荚期及成熟期分别推迟3.1、5.2、4.8及12d,盛花初荚期分枝数增加45.5%,成熟期株高增加16.61%,单株荚数、单株粒数、单株籽粒干重及单盆籽粒干重分别提高76.67%、85.54%、65.13%和36.71%,均存在显著差异(P<0.05)。接种商用菌株F98,可显著提高籽粒粗蛋白质含量与降低籽粒可溶性糖含量(P<0.05),增减量分别为+12.37%、-37.77%;接种CCBAU 43228和CCBAU 43232的籽粒粗纤维含量分别增加1.24和1.20倍,且比F98菌株增加39.7%和37.6%,均达极显著水平(P<0.01);其中接种CCBAU 43232处理可溶性糖含量降低35.65%,差异达显著水平(P<0.05)。综合分析表明,M.P.1824盆栽条件下接种菌株ACCC 16058表现最佳。     

Evaluation of pea protein concentrate as partial replacement of fish meal in practical diets for juvenile tench (Tinca tinca L.)

With the aim to evaluate different replacement levels of fish meal (FM) by pea protein concentrate (PPC) on survival, growth performance and body composition of juvenile tench (Tinca tinca), a 90‐day experiment was conducted with 6‐month‐old juveniles. Four practical diets (50% crude protein) differing in the level of replacement of FM protein by PPC protein were tested: 0% (control), 25%, 35% or 45%, corresponding to 0, 207.5, 290.4 or 373.3 g PPC kg^?1 diet respectively. Survival rates ranged from 96.4% to 98.5%. The 25% and 35% replacement diets resulted in similar growth values (P > 0.05) to those obtained with the control diet (average of the three feeding treatments: 57.57 mm total length, 2.48 g weight and 1.87% day^?1 specific growth rate). The 45% replacement diet had the lowest growth (P < 0.05). Fish with externally visible deformities ranged from 0% to 1.5%. The relation among amino acid profiles of the diets, body composition, growth performance of juveniles and amino acid requirements of other fish species is discussed. An amount of 290.4 g PPC kg^?1 diet (35% replacement of FM protein) can be included in juvenile tench diets without impairing growth performance.     

植物生长调节剂抑制根向地性生长的机制探讨

植物生长调节剂CFM和Bendroquinon可明显抑制水芹根系的向地性生长。这2种物质和另1种生长调节剂DPX1840均可在短时间内迅速抑制3H-IAA在豌豆茎切段中的极性运输,但不影响茎组织对‘H-IAA的吸收,因而造成3H-IAA在处理上方组织中积累。根据结果推测,这些生长调节剂抑制极向他性生长的机制可能与它们抑制植物体中IAA的极性运输有关。     

Evaluation of pea proteins and poultry protein as fish meal alternatives in the diets for juvenile black sea bream,Acanthopagrus schlegelii

The potential of three different protein resources (pea protein isolate, PPI; pea protein concentrate, PPC; enzyme treated poultry protein, ETPP) as fish meal (FM) alternative protein in diets for juvenile black sea bream, Acanthopagrus schlegelii. (initial average weight 7.90 ± 0.13 g) was evaluated. Seven isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to replace FM at 0% (T0, control diet), 8% (designated as T1‐T3) and 16% (designated as T4‐T6) using PPI, PPC and ETPP respectively. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 25 juvenile fish for 8 weeks. At the end of the feeding period, survival rate was not significantly affected by dietary treatments. Growth performance in T6 (16% ETPP) group was significantly inferior to T0 group, however, weight gain and specific growth rate in other treatments showed no significant differences (P > 0.05). Mean feed intake, feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio were also poorer in fish fed in T6 than those of fish fed with the control diet respectively. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter and crude protein for fish fed ETPP diets were significant lower than those of fish fed with the control diet, whereas ADCs of lipid were unaffected by dietary treatments. ADC's of dietary Leu, Ile, His and Lys was also significantly influenced. There were no marked variations in proximate compositions of dorsal muscle. With regard to plasma characteristics, significant difference was observed in triacylglycerol content. Ammonia concentration in plasma tended to increase in alternative protein diets as substitution level increased. There were significant differences in aspartate aminotransferase activities among groups, but alanine aminotransferase levels were unaffected by treatments. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that PPI and PPC were potential protein sources for using in juvenile black sea bream diet. However, the substitution level of FM by ETPP should be limited within 16%.     

Partial replacement of fishmeal with corn gluten meal,pea protein isolate and their mixture in diet of black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) juveniles: Effects on growth performance,feed utilization and haematological parameters

Corn gluten meal (CGM), pea protein isolate (PPI) and their mixture (CPP, 1:1 ratio) were evaluated as fishmeal (FM) alternatives in black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) juveniles (9.02 ± 0.12 g). A FM diet was designed as control, and other six diets had 20% and 40% FM protein replaced by CGM, PPI and CPP, respectively, with the supplementation of crystalline methionine, arginine and lysine. After the 8‐week feeding trial, significantly lower weight gain was found in fish fed the 40% CGM diet (p < .05), whereas other treatments had no statistical difference (p > .05). The values of feed efficiency ratio and feed intake, as well as proximate compositions of muscle and whole body, were not significantly influenced in all treatments. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein, threonine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine and lysine were significantly influenced by protein source. Fish fed the 40% CGM diet had significantly higher content of essential amino acid in muscle than that of the 20% PPI diet. Fish fed the 40% CGM diet had significantly lower content of serum cholesterol than other treatments (p < .05). Elevated serum superoxide dismutase activity was found in fish fed the 40% plant protein diets. In conclusion, between 20% and 40% FM protein could be replaced by CGM, while about 40% FM protein derived from PPI and CPP could be applied in black sea bream.     

黑丝羽乌骨鸡的选育进展与冠型效应

通过对黑丝羽乌骨鸡的复冠父系和单冠母系进行家系选育五个世代，在体重、孵化性能、开产性状及产蛋量方面得到了明显进展，而且可见单冠在这些性状上的正向效应。尤其是产蛋性能上的选育进展非常明显，高峰4个月的总产蛋量增加了1．2倍，母系300d产蛋量达到102枚左右，母系500d产蛋量达到201枚。