水淹胁迫对狗牙根光合、生长及营养元素含量的影响

以狗牙根当年生扦插苗为试验材料,采用盆栽控制实验,设置对照组(CK)、表土水淹组(SF)和全淹组(TF),研究水淹对狗牙根光合、生长、生物量和营养元素含量的影响。结果显示,1)与CK相比,SF组的狗牙根净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和气孔限制值均显著降低,胞间CO₂浓度显著增加,但水分利用效率与CK组差异不显著。2)SF组分枝数、叶片数、根生物量、叶生物量和根冠比均显著低于CK组,而株高、基径、茎生物量和总生物量与CK组差异不显著;TF组除根冠比与CK组无显著差异外,株高、基径、分枝数、叶片数、根生物量、茎生物量和总生物量均显著低于CK组。3)与CK组相比,SF和TF组根的N、P、K、Fe、Mn含量均呈上升趋势,Cu含量显著降低;叶片中,SF组P、K、Cu含量显著下降,Fe、Mn含量显著升高。研究表明,水淹显著影响了狗牙根光合、生长及营养元素含量。狗牙根通过适度降低叶片P、K、Cu含量及升高Fe、Mn含量促进狗牙根叶片净光合速率的降低。然而狗牙根可通过提高对N、P、K等营养元素的吸收,促进其生长,维持较高的净光合速率,以有效应对水淹环境;其次,全淹环境中,狗牙根叶片衰老、凋落,叶片中N、P等营养元素可直接进入水体,存在增加水体富营养化的潜在风险,因此,应加强对三峡库区消落带狗牙根植被的刈割收获管理,以尽可能减少由此引起的二次污染。     

淹水对水稻乳苗撒播成苗的影响

不同灌溉方式下水稻乳苗撒播成苗情况研究结果表明,无水层带泥浆撒播处理,根系发育与茎叶生长比较协调,成苗率迭90．7％,秧苗综合性状好于其他处理,是水稻乳苗抛秧的首选方式;淹水48h后落干处理,有利于发根和扎根立苗,成苗率达92．7％,秧苗综合性状较好,是水稻乳苗抛秧应采用的第2种方式。     

石油采出水诱发蚕豆根尖细胞染色体畸变的研究

应用蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术,对大庆市4个采油厂聚驱的石油采出水遗传毒性进行分析研究。结果表明:经聚合物驱油的石油采出水处理过的蚕豆根尖细胞,其染色体均发生异常,出现断片、桥以及滞后染色体等现象,有明显的微核效应和遗传毒性,加水稀释对于减轻其毒性的作用甚小,如果不加处理地排放将会给生态环境造成危害。     

水分胁迫下李氏禾营养器官的解剖结构研究

通过模拟水分胁迫条件,分析了不同淹水深度、淹水时间长度和持续干旱等处理下李氏禾（Leersia hexandra）营养器官的解剖结构。结果表明,李氏禾具有忍耐淹水和干旱的特性;水分胁迫下李氏禾根、茎、叶的基本结构组成没有特殊变化,根由表皮、皮层、中柱组成;茎由表皮、基本组织（薄壁细胞）、维管束组成;叶由表皮（表皮细胞、泡状细胞、气孔器）、叶肉、叶脉组成。淹水胁迫下,李氏禾根、茎、叶内形成大且多的气腔,具有发达的通气组织;干旱胁迫下李氏禾的根皮层增厚、叶片内叶绿素含量减少但不失绿。总体而言,为了适应逆境的生长,李氏禾内部结构产生了一种具有自我保护和调解功能的变化。     

Influence of water regime on growth,yield, and nitrogen uptake of rice

Abstract

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to study the effects of water regime on growth of rice. The greenhouse experiment investigated the effects of two water regimes‐continuous flooding and flooding with soil drying between crops for 2 to 3 weeks on the growth of rice during six cropping (for six week each) on seven soils varying widely in total N contents (0.07 to 0.35%). The results averaged for the 7 soils indicated that the drymatter production or N uptake of rice was not affected by the water regimes during the six croppings.

The field experiment conducted during the dry season for two consecutive years (1976 and 1977) on a near neutral clay soil studied the effects of three water regimes (continuous flooding alternate flooding and soil drying every 2 weeks, and continuous flooding with 2 weeks mid season soil drying after 6 weeks of transplanting) and three levels of fertilizer N (0, 100 and 200 kg N/ha as urea) on grain yield and N uptake of rice. The results confirmed the absence of any significant reduction in grain yield or N uptake as a result of any of the soil drying treatments during the growing season on the unfertilized plots carrying a rice crop. On the plots fertilized with 100 or 200 kg N/na, alternate flooding and drying resulted in a significant depression in both grain yield and N uptake. Soil analysis supported heavy losses of N in the fertilized plots that underwent alternate flooding and soil drying apparently by nitrification and denitrification reactions.

The results of this study suggest that alternate flooding and drying of soils in the presence of established rice plants itiay not cause a significant loss of nitrogen in unfertilized plots although in plots fertilized with high rates of N the losses may be large as indicated by the performance of rice crop.     

旱涝交替下控制灌溉对稻田节水及氮磷减排的影响

该文研究控制灌排技术对稻田水氮磷动态变化及节水减排效应的影响。于2015年5—10月在河海大学江宁校区节水园,在有底侧坑内进行水稻栽培试验,于水稻分蘖期、拔节孕穗期、抽穗开花期和乳熟期4个生育阶段进行控水试验,以常规控制灌溉为对照,测定稻田淹排水铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)和总磷浓度变化。结果表明:旱转涝处理淹水初期稻田水中铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)和总磷浓度显著高于涝转旱处理,这个时期地表和地下排水应该引起注意。控制灌排条件下灌水量减少7.4%~18.5%,排水量减少23.0%~43.5%,NH_4~+-N负荷减少18.5%~54.5%,NO_3~--N负荷减少16.8%~57.7%,总磷负荷减少34.2%~58.3%;其中拔节孕穗期和抽穗开花期在保证节水减排的同时,也能实现较高的产量;因此,控制灌排技术具有较好的节水减排效果,对南方稻作区灌排实践具有指导意义。     

淹水条件对水稻芽撒播成苗的影响

对水稻芽撒播在不同灌溉方式下的成苗情况进行了研究。结果表明,无水层带泥浆撒播处理,根系发育与茎叶生长比较协调,成苗率达90.7%,秧苗综合性状好于其它处理,是水稻芽抛秧的首选方式;淹水48h后落干处理,有利于发根和扎根立苗,成苗率达92.7%,秧苗综合性状较好,是水稻芽抛秧应采用的第二种方式。     

The water-saving potential of using micro-sprinkling irrigation for winter wheat production on the North China Plain

The shortage of groundwater resources is a considerable challenge for winter wheat production on the North China Plain. Water-saving technologies and procedures are thus urgently required. To determine the water-saving potential of using micro-sprinkling irrigation(MSI) for winter wheat production, field experiments were conducted from 2012 to 2015. Compared to traditional flooding irrigation(TFI), micro-sprinkling thrice with 90 mm water(MSI1) and micro-sprinkling four times with 120 mm water(MSI2) increased the water use efficiency by 22.5 and 16.2%, respectively, while reducing evapotranspiration by 17.6 and 10.8%. Regardless of the rainfall pattern, MSI(i.e., MSI1 or MSI2) either stabilized or significantly increased the grain yield, while reducing irrigation water volumes by 20–40%, compared to TFI. Applying the same volumes of irrigation water, MSI(i.e., MSI3, micro-sprinkling five times with 150 mm water) increased the grain yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat by 4.6 and 11.7%, respectively, compared to TFI. Because MSI could supply irrigation water more frequently in smaller amounts each time, it reduced soil layer compaction, and may have also resulted in a soil water deficit that promoted the spread of roots into the deep soil layer, which is beneficial to photosynthetic production in the critical period. In conclusion, MSI1 or MSI2 either stabilized or significantly increased grain yield while reducing irrigation water volumes by 20–40% compared to TFI, and should provide water-saving technological support in winter wheat production for smallholders on the North China Plain.     

小麦花后淹水胁迫对根区土温及籽粒灌浆的影响

为了探讨淹水对花后冬小麦根区土温及籽粒灌浆的影响,在淮北平原涝渍易发地河南商丘市,对处于花后灌浆阶段的冬小麦进行淹水试验。结果表明,淹水使小麦百粒重降低,花后灌浆阶段淹水1 d、3 d和5 d使乳熟期的小麦百粒重比非淹水处理分别降低6.93%、10.35%和10.31%;淹水使小麦灌浆速率受到抑制,淹水5 d、3 d、1 d和CK的平均单粒灌浆速率分别为1.36、1.39、1.52和1.61 mg·d^-1,淹水超过5 d使小麦的乳熟时间推后。淹水使10~40 cm土层间温差变小,淹水时间越长,10~40 cm土温降低越多,淹水结束后土温回升也越快。花后淹水使小麦干物质量及籽粒产量降低,淹水5 d以上使小麦地上、地下部分干物质量显著降低。因此,小麦花后灌浆阶段淹水会影响根区环境和地上部干物质的形成,并最终影响籽粒灌浆及产量。     

油藏数值模拟技术在调剖堵水中的应用

在全面认识双河油田北块Ⅳ4层系地质特征的基础上,采用数值模拟方法对该区块的水驱开发动态进行了历史拟合。在注交联聚合物油藏数值模拟研究中以正交设计方法和模糊综合评判优化设计方法为手段,分析了各参数的敏感性,并优化出了措施井的调剖剂用量。实施调剖措施后出现了明显的增油降水效果。