栀子苷的降糖作用和对PPARγ受体的激活

葡萄糖消耗试验表明,栀子苷能显著促进前脂肪细胞对葡萄糖的吸收。小鼠荷糖试验和四氧嘧啶致糖尿病小鼠血糖试验证实,栀子苷具有剂量依赖性降低小鼠餐后血糖及糖尿病高血糖的作用。通过基于PPARγ受体信号通路的报告基因诱导表达试验,发现栀子苷在体内外的降糖功效,可能与过氧化物酶增殖体激活受体γ的激活有关。     

普洱茶提取物与绿茶提取物降糖功效的研究

通过整体动物模型研究比较普洱茶提取物与绿茶提取物的降糖功效。以C57BL/6J小鼠作为对照组,将遗传性糖尿病（KKAy）小鼠随机分组,分别灌胃给予普洱茶提取物与绿茶提取物4周,以空腹血糖、血糖曲线下面积作为观察指标,比较二者的药效作用;以SD雄性大鼠一次性腹腔注射链脲佐菌素（STZ）造模糖尿病大鼠,根据初始空腹血糖值随机进行分组,连续灌胃给予普洱茶提取物与绿茶提取物4周,以空腹血糖、血糖曲线下面积和空腹血清胰岛素作为观察指标。结果显示普洱茶提取物和绿茶提取物对KKAy小鼠和STZ糖尿病模型大鼠空腹血糖均有降低作用,同时均能降低血糖曲线下面积,但是不同的是普洱茶提取物在降低动物空腹血糖和血糖曲线下面积方面要优于绿茶提取物,同时普洱茶提取物能够较模型组显著降低大鼠空腹血清胰岛素,而绿茶提取物在降低大鼠空腹血清胰岛素与模型组相比无明显差异。比较了两种茶提取物对糖尿病的体外靶酶糖醛还原酶和PTP1B的抑制作用,发现普洱茶提取物对PTP1B活性有较强的抑制作用,抑制率88.0%,绿茶提取物对该酶无抑制作用。综合实验结果表明,普洱茶提取物的降糖功效优于绿茶提取物。     

糖尿病性周围血管病患者血清中TM和EDHF的表达及意义

目的通过观察糖尿病性周围血管病患者血清中TM和EHDF的表达,探讨两者在该病中的意义.方法运用ELISA法检测32例糖尿病性周围血管病组、25例糖尿病组及20例正常组血清中TM与EDHF的表达,统计检测相关数据.结果糖尿病性周围血管病组及糖尿病组分别与正常组比较,两组血清中TM与EDHF明显高于正常组（P〈0.01）;糖尿病性周围血管病组与糖尿病组、正常组比较,血清中TM与EDHF显著高于后两组（P〈0.05）.相关性分析结果显示：TM与EDHF在糖尿病各组间血清中表达呈显著性正相关（P〈0.01）.结论 TM与EDHF参与糖尿病性周围血管病的发病过程,并且两者具有相关性,其可能在该病的发生、发展中起重要作用.     

门冬胰岛素30注射液强化治疗Ⅱ型糖尿病的临床观察

目的观察门冬胰岛素30（诺和锐30）注射液强化治疗Ⅱ型糖尿病的效果.方法Ⅱ型糖尿病患者86例,给予生活方式干预,包括健康教育,低热量、低脂肪饮食,中等体力活动,戒烟、限酒,血压高者给予降压等,血脂异常者给予调脂.治疗组给予诺和锐30注射液3餐前皮注（根据血糖监测结果调整胰岛素剂量）,对照组给予诺和灵30R笔芯,早、晚餐前30 min皮注.观察6个月,观察治疗前后患者的FBG、2hPBG、HbA1c及低血糖发生率的变化.结果Ⅱ型糖尿病患者用诺和锐30强化治疗后,FBG、2hPBG、HbA1c等指标均好于对照组,低血糖发生率较对照组减少,P〈0.01,经比较有统计学意义.结论对Ⅱ型糖尿病患者应用诺和锐30强化治疗,血糖平稳,低血糖发生率减低,疗效肯定.     

熊果酸与胰岛素抵抗研究综述

随着世界经济的快速发展,生活方式的改变,Ⅱ型糖尿病的发病率逐年升高。胰岛素抵抗作为Ⅱ型糖尿病的显著特征,成为研究的热点。熊果酸属于五环三萜类化合物,具有多种生物学效应。近来研究发现,熊果酸可以通过降低血糖、调节血脂、清除体内自由基、保护胰腺β细胞,缓解机体的胰岛素抵抗,从而具有医药开发潜力。     

Ultrastructural impairment of islet microvascular endothelial cells in STZ-induced type 1 diabetic mice

AIM: To investigate the ultrastructural changes of islet microvascular endothelial cells in STZ-induced type 1 diabetic mice. METHODS: BALB/c mice were randomly divided into diabetic group and control group. The expression of insulin and platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (CD31) in islet microvessels was detected by immunohistochemical staining. The ultrastructural changes of islet β cells and islet microvessels were observed under transmission electron microscope. RESULTS: Compared with control group, the number of islet β cells, ratio of β cells/α cells, average number of secretory granules in β cells and insulin expression area per islet in diabetic group were significantly decreased (P<0.01). Besides, diabetic group had fewer microvessels with lower expression of CD31 (P<0.01). Mitochondria in islet microvascular endothelial cells and pericytes in diabetic group were swelling. The basement membrane of islet microvessels became thicker in diabetic group (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Islet microvascular endothelial cells were impaired in type 1 diabetic mice.     

Relationship between anti-insulin antibody production and severe insulin resistance in a diabetic cat

A 5-year-old castrated male domestic shorthair cat was diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis and severe insulin resistance. Although the conventional treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis was provided, the cat required frequent hospitalization because of severe dehydration and repeated diabetic ketoacidosis. We detected anti-insulin antibodies for human in this cat. Serum insulin-binding IgG levels were markedly elevated compared with those in healthy cats and other diabetic cats. We initiated prednisolone to suppress the effects of anti-insulin antibodies. After initiation of prednisolone, the cat was gradually recovered with increasing activity and appetite. Furthermore, satisfactory glycemic control was achieved with combined subcutaneous injection of insulin detemir and insulin degludec.     

牛磺酸防治糖尿病的最新研究进展

牛磺酸是一种条件性必需氨基酸,在大部分动物组织中都存在。牛磺酸具有广泛的生物学效应,是调节机体正常生理功能的重要物质,它在生产中的应用已引起人们的密切关注。作者综述了近几年牛磺酸防治糖尿病的最新试验研究进展。     

Diabetes mellitus in a koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)

Objective To describe a case of diabetes mellitus in a koala (Phascolarctos cinereus).
Design A case report with controls.
Procedures We describe clinical and laboratory findings in a 6-year-old, free-living, female koala presented with traumatic injury and subsequently found to have polydipsia, hyperglycaemia and glucosuria. Over a 5 week period, serum biochemical analyses, haematological examinations, urinal-yses, measurement of serum insulin and fructosamine concentrations, necropsy, histopathological examination of a range of tissues and immunohistochemical examination of the pancreas for insulin-containing cells were done. For reference purposes, serum insulin and fructosamine concentrations were determined in four and two healthy koalas, respectively, and three healthy koalas pancreases were examined histo-logically and immunohistochemically.
Results The koala had persistent hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, hyponatraemia, hypochloraemia and glucosuria. Serum insulin concentration of the diabetic koala was only marginally smaller than that of healthy koalas, but all concentrations were smaller than reference concentrations in dogs and people. Fructosamine concentration did not allow the diabetic koala to be distinguished from healthy koalas and concentrations of all koala analytes were greater than expected for healthy dogs and people. Histopathological examination revealed extensive degeneration of pancreatic islet cells and fatty infiltration of hepatocytes. Immunoperoxidase staining revealed decreased or absent insulin in the b cells of the affected koala.
Conclusion Clinical signs, clinicopathological results and histopathological changes were consistent with diabetes mellitus. The pathogenesis of the condition could not be determined but may have been related to the administration of a parenteral corticosteroid preparation, the stress of capture or tissue damage and inflammation.     

Presumed lipid retinopathy in a diabetic dog

An eight-year-old neutered male diabetic Cardigan Welsh Corgi was presented for bilateral mature cataracts. Phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation were performed routinely, and recovery was uneventful for several months except for lipemic aqueous flare which gradually resolved during the postoperative period. Five months following surgery the owner presented the dog for decreased vision. White retinal deposits were visualized ophthalmoscopically. Serum analysis revealed that the dog was concurrently markedly hyperlipemic. The patient's diet was changed from a high- to a low-fat diet, following which diabetes control improved, hyperlipemia resolved, and the retinal deposits decreased markedly in size. The retinal deposits seen ophthalmoscopically are presumed to be lipid based upon their association with marked hyperlipemia, and the concurrent resolution of hyperlipemia and the fundic lesions.