播量对水稻生长发育及干物质积累的影响

用盆栽方法进行播量对寒地水稻生长发育及干物质积累影响试验,结果表明:稀播的秧苗发根力强、分蘖多、茎基宽、充实度高。播量200g/m2的产量最高。     

剩余污泥腐植酸的提取和对作物幼苗建成的影响

为解决IHSS （国际腐植酸协会）推荐法提取剩余污泥腐植酸参数不明确和剩余污泥腐植酸提取研究中缺乏其毒性效应评价等问题,利用响应曲面法得到剩余污泥腐植酸提取的最佳条件,并分析了腐植酸理化特性及其对作物幼苗建成的影响。结果表明,腐植酸提取的最佳条件：碱浓度为0.19 mol·L^-1,碱泥比（mL∶g）为11.6,振荡时间为3.8 h,提取量为96.1 mg·g^-1。相较于推荐法的腐植酸提取量增加了118%。提取所得腐植酸的元素分析显示,O/C为0.84,H/C为0.14,C/N为4.43;傅里叶变换红外光谱和凝胶渗透色谱分析显示,剩余污泥腐植酸存在羧基、醇羟基和酚羟基等含氧官能团,重均分子量为8 856 Da。此外,在500 mg·L^-1施用条件下,该腐植酸对大白菜和萝卜种子发芽率和子叶光合色素含量均无显著影响,而对大白菜种子胚根伸长具有显著促进作用。综上,通过优化提取条件可显著提高腐植酸提取量,剩余污泥腐植酸腐殖化程度与芳香化程度均较高,分子量较小,生物活性较强,且低浓度下对作物早期生长无不良影响。     

水稻田间育秧水肥药变量喷灌装置设计与试验

为解决南方水稻工厂化田间育秧水肥药人工管理作业中存在的灌溉均匀性差、化肥和农药浪费以及劳动强度大等问题,该研究设计了一种水稻田间育秧水肥药变量喷灌装置,阐述了水肥药变量喷灌装置总体结构和工作原理,进行了关键部件设计与试验;以可编程逻辑控制器（programmable logic controller,PLC）为控制核心,构建了注肥量在线调控及整机变量喷灌控制系统。采用Box-Behnken试验设计方法,对装置喷灌均匀性与主要影响因素进行试验研究,应用单目标优化方法对喷灌关键参数进行优化,并通过验证试验,得到最优参数组合为：干管入口水压0.20 MPa、球阀开度90°、喷头喷角80°,此时装置的喷灌均匀性为92.69%;构建了氯化钾肥液质量浓度与电导率（electrical conductance,EC）值的线性模型,开展了装置变量灌溉施肥性能试验,3种喷灌等级下各作业区的肥液EC值分别为1.65、1.66和1.68 mS/cm,平均喷灌强度分别为900.85、1092.04和1263.67 mm/h,施肥均匀系数分别为85.21%、87.86%和91.62%。采用水肥药变量喷灌装置开展水稻育秧田间管理试验,华航51常规稻和广8优165杂交稻的秧苗长势均匀度均高于95%,成毯性良好,各项素质指标满足机插作业要求。所设计的水肥药变量喷灌装置能够满足水稻田间育秧水肥药变量喷灌作业要求,对提高水稻工厂化田间育秧机械化水平、保证秧苗质量具有实际应用价值。     

4种外源激素处理对羊草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

研究了100~600μg/g赤霉素(GA3)和吲哚乙酸(IAA)、25~100μg/g 6-苄氨基嘌呤(6-BA)和脱落酸(ABA)对羊草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,100~300μg/g GA3和IAA以及25μg/g 6-BA对羊草种子的萌发最终表现为促进作用,总体效果为GA3>IAA>6-BA。当GA3和IAA浓度大于400μg/g或6-BA浓度大于50μg/g时对羊草种子的最终发芽率均表现为不同程度的抑制;25~100μg/g的外源激素ABA对羊草种子萌发没有抑制作用。GA3处理均能显著促进羊草幼苗的伸长,IAA和6-BA则表现为不同程度的抑制作用;GA3、IAA和6-BA 3种促进激素对羊草的根长和根冠比均表现为抑制作用;25~100μg/g ABA对羊草苗长、根长以及根冠比没有显著影响。     

The establishment of Taraxacum officinale plants in grassland

Factors involved in the establishment of Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) seedlings in grasslands and plant mortality in the first growing season were studied during 2008–2011. The study was conducted at 11 grassland sites that differed in the quantity of seed rain and the intensity of seedling predation by slugs. In April, of each study year, 10 plots open to the sedimentation of naturally dispersed seeds were established at each site, five plots of which were also sown with 250 T. officinale seeds each. The amount of natural seed rain, slug feeding activity and number of plants in each plot were then recorded at monthly intervals. Seed rain and seedling predation accounted for c. 50% of the variation in seedling establishment. Populations of established seedlings then declined through October, at which point they were at 25% of the original abundance on average. The percentage of plants that survived varied among sites and years. The temporal and spatial variation in T. officinale establishment and survival of young plants was enormous, even within a small area. Predation of seedlings by slugs can effectively prevent the establishment of T. officinale in grassland. This only occurred, however, at slug abundances not acceptable under conditions of public access.     

黄腐酸对雾培马铃薯幼苗抗旱性的影响

试验以马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)幼苗为研究对象,采用雾培装置进行不同黄腐酸用量和干旱胁迫处理(分别为CK,不加黄腐酸和PEG; 10％ PEG;0.01％ FA+ 10％ PEG;0.03％ FA+ 10％ PEG;0.05％ FA+ 10％ PEG和0.10％ FA+ 10％ PEG),分析其对马铃薯生长发育及抗性生理的影响。结果表明,在干旱胁迫下,雾培马铃薯幼苗的成活率、叶绿素含量、膜稳定指数、根系活力、匍匐茎数、结薯率和产量呈下降趋势,而丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)、脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及超氧阴离子(O^-₂)产生速率呈上升趋势,过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性先增加后下降,说明雾培马铃薯幼苗在干旱胁迫下生长发育受到显著抑制,正在遭受逆境胁迫。经黄腐酸处理后,幼苗的成活率、匍匐茎数、结薯率和产量则得到了提高,而叶绿素含量、膜稳定指数和根系活力仍呈下降趋势,但较单一干旱胁迫的下降趋势缓慢,而MDA含量、SOD和POD活性及产生速率呈先升高后下降的趋势,脯氨酸、可溶性糖、H₂O₂含量及CAT活性呈上升趋势,其中H₂O₂含量上升趋势较单一干旱胁迫缓慢,说明黄腐酸处理后使干旱胁迫下雾培马铃薯幼苗的生长发育得到了促进,减轻了干旱胁迫对幼苗造成的伤害,提高了植株的整体抗旱性,而这种抗性与黄腐酸浓度呈明显相关性,0.05％ FA对植株的的保护效应最显著,而0.10％ FA则协同PEG加剧了对幼苗的伤害作用。     

丸粒化处理对胡麻种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响研究

采用二因素裂区设计,以保水剂和活性炭、硅藻土、凹凸棒为填充剂的包衣材料制作丸粒化胡麻种子,研究了丸粒化处理对胡麻种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:与不加保水剂相比,保水剂质量与种子质量为1∶1时,丸粒种子的活力指数和出苗率显著提高20.11%、18.62%;随着保水剂含量的增加,幼苗的根冠比显著减小3.25%。包衣剂中以活性炭:凹凸棒=1∶1为填充剂的发芽率和出苗率比不加填充剂的明显提高6.79%、22.41%,幼苗生长最健壮。与未丸粒化的种子相比,当保水剂质量与种子质量为1∶1时,以活性炭:凹凸棒=1∶1为填充剂的丸粒种子发芽指数、活力指数和出苗率显著提高,而且幼苗的茎粗、叶面积和根冠比分别显著增加11.02%、27.35%、28.07%。可见,适量的保水剂(保水剂质量与种子质量为1∶1)和以活性炭、凹凸棒为填充剂的包衣剂能提高胡麻种子活力,增加出苗率,使幼苗的干物质重增大,根系发达,根冠比提高,为胡麻高产奠定了良好的基础。     

硅对盐胁迫下葡萄幼苗生理效应的影响

以酿酒葡萄"赤霞殊"(Cabernet Sauvignon,CS)1年生扦插苗为试材,采用营养液水培系统,研究了根施外源硅(K2SiO3·9H2O,Si)对盐(50 mmol/L NaCl)胁迫下赤霞珠葡萄幼苗叶片生理生化特性的影响.结果表明:盐胁迫处理下,葡萄幼苗叶片超氧阴离子(O2-')产生速率加快,过氧化氢(H2O2)、丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对膜透性增加;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性增强;组织含水量降低;施用2.0mmol/L Si明显抑制了O2-、H2O2和MDA的积累,增加了组织含水量,并进一步提高了抗氧化酶SOD和POD的活性.说明外源Si可通过提高盐胁迫下葡萄幼苗体内的抗氧化酶活性,从而降低活性氧(ROS)水平,一定程度上减轻盐胁迫对植株所造成的细胞膜脂过氧化伤害,增强其耐盐性.     

Suppression of wheat-seedling diseases caused by Fusarium culmorum and Microdochium nivale using bacterial seed treatment

Snow mould, caused by Microdochium nivale , and seedling blight caused by members of the Fusarium complex, are cereal diseases of great economic importance in many temperate zones. In a glasshouse bioassay designed to enhance disease, about 600 plant-associated bacterial isolates obtained by different methods were screened for suppressive effects in wheat against infection caused by Fusarium culmorum . Although most of the isolates tested had a neutral effect on test plants and disease development, a few were synergistic to the pathogen and about one-fifth showed > 80% disease suppression. During five consecutive growing seasons, 164 bacterial isolates were tested in field experiments against both F. culmorum and M. nivale as causal agents of seedling blight. Tests for effects on yield in experiments with spring and winter wheat, performed in different climatic regions of Sweden, showed that disease-suppressive effects were repeatable. The most efficient isolates, three fluorescent pseudomonads and a species of Pantoea , suppressed disease equal to that of the fungicide guazatine, both with respect to crop stand and yield. Seed treatment with Pantoea sp. (isolate MF 626) increased yield by an average of more than 500 kg ha⁻¹ in six field experiments.     

椰糠、有机肥与沙子不同配比基质对番茄穴盘苗生长的影响

【目的】筛选培育番茄优质壮苗的最佳基质配比,为新疆和田地区番茄穴盘育苗提供参考。【方法】以番茄品种欧官为材料,以椰糠、有机肥以及沙漠中的沙子为主要原料,按照不同比例进行配制,采用穴盘育苗的方式,以不同的育苗基质配比设置5个不同的处理和1个对照,在其他条件一致的情况下,测定番茄幼苗的株高、茎粗、最大叶面积、鲜重、干重、根长、根体积、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、叶绿素等指标,比较不同基质配比对番茄幼苗生长指标和生理生化指标的影响。【结果】各处理都对番茄幼苗的生长产生了影响,通过测定番茄幼苗的生长指标和生理生化指标,T3处理(椰糠∶沙子∶有机肥=20v∶1v∶1v)的配比对番茄苗的效果最好。【结论】椰糠∶沙子∶有机肥=20v∶1v∶1v的配比对番茄穴盘苗的生长有利,可作为新疆和田地区番茄穴盘育苗的基质配方。