生草和树枝覆盖对果园土壤持水性能的影响

针对黄土高原枣园普遍盛行传统清耕制,将生草及覆盖技术引入枣园生产中,于2011—2013年采用人工土槽模拟研究方法,探讨不同生草和覆盖措施对枣树地土壤持水性能的影响。结果表明:生草与枣树枝覆盖能有效改善土壤物理结构、提高土壤孔隙度、降低土壤容重;各处理土壤水分蓄持能力及比水容量均按枣树枝半覆盖+白三叶生草、枣树枝全覆盖、白三叶生草覆盖和清耕处理依次递减,处理间的差异在高吸力阶段更为明显;与清耕处理相比,生草与覆盖处理土壤饱和含水量、田间持水量、凋萎系数均有提高,枣树枝半覆盖+白三叶生草处理增加最为明显,分别增加9%、20%、33%。     

PBAT生物降解地膜与加厚型塑料地膜降解性能及对番茄生长的影响

为筛选出易降解或易回收,对环境污染小,适宜在番茄生产中应用的地膜,研究了PBAT生物降解地膜与0.012 mm加厚型塑料地膜的差异性,以0.010 mm普通塑料地膜作为对照,对比了各种地膜的降解周期,以及对番茄生长和产量的影响。试验结果表明:在影响植株长势方面,3种地膜对番茄植株株高、茎粗、叶片数的影响差异不显著;在影响作物产量方面,覆盖0.012 mm地膜的番茄产量最高,其次是PBAT生物降解地膜,覆盖0.010 mm塑料地膜番茄产量最低;在地膜降解性能方面,PBAT生物降解地膜降解性能较强,0.012 mm加厚型塑料地膜韧性强,不易破碎,有利于后期回收利用,0.010 mm塑料地膜韧性差,不利于回收;建议生产中根据实际气候、土壤、作物等条件选择适宜的PBAT生物降解地膜或加厚型塑料地膜。     

微贮对秸秆在瘤胃NDF降解率的影响

试验采用3个重复对比设计，将玉米，小麦和稻草秸秆的微贮样与原样放置在永久瘘管牛体内，分别在6．12、24．36、48和72小时时间点取出样本进行NDF降解率试验测定分析，结果：秸秆处理样NDF在各个时间点的NDF瞬间降解率和有效降解率均极显著优于原样（P＞0．01）而玉米秸秆处理样与小麦和稻草处理样相比差异不显著（P＞0．05）。     

覆膜和钾肥对马铃薯铁素吸收分配的影响

通过田间试验研究了覆膜和钾肥对马铃薯不同生育时期体内铁的浓度、吸收累积量及其分布的影响.结果表明:马铃薯全株、叶、茎、块茎中铁的浓度从苗期到成熟期呈波浪式变化;铁的累积量在整个生育时期呈现先增大后减小的变化规律,均在块茎膨大期达到峰值;而铁素在马铃薯体内的分布情况表现为:前4个时期在各个器官中分布的顺序为叶＞茎＞块茎,到成熟期表现为茎＞叶＞块茎.覆膜对叶中铁的分布有减小的作用,即它能增大茎和块茎中铁的分布,随着生育时期的向前推进,块茎中铁的分布明显增大,它对块茎中铁的累积也有一定的增大效果;钾肥在成熟期之前的一段时间内能在一定程度增大铁在块茎中的分布,但是此二因素对马铃薯体内铁的影响作用均未达到一定的显著水平.     

长期秸秆掩埋配施氮肥对土壤细菌群落特征的影响

为揭示典型潮土微生物群落及其生态网络对秸秆还田的响应机制,选择长期小麦-玉米轮作下不同秸秆还田处理的试验地为对象,应用高通量测序和生态网络等方法,阐明秸秆掩埋配施不同氮肥后土壤细菌群落组成、细菌网络共存关系以及与土壤养分的关联。结果表明：（1）与秸秆移除且不施氮肥处理相比,秸秆还田配合常规施肥处理显著降低土壤pH,提高了土壤全氮、有机碳、有效磷、速效钾和硝态氮含量（P < 0.05）。秸秆掩埋配施氮肥有利于增加土壤养分含量。（2）不同秸秆还田方式和氮肥施用量处理的细菌Alpha多样性无显著差异,而细菌群落结构差异显著。pH、SOC和TN等因子驱动了细菌群落结构变异。酸杆菌门、变形菌门、拟杆菌门和绿弯菌门是潮土细菌群落的主要优势菌门。（3）共现网络分析得到4个主要的生态集群,均与土壤养分有显著相关性。模块1中物种丰度与SOC、TN、TP、NO3- -N、AP和AK呈极显著负相关（P < 0.001）,与pH呈极显著正相关（P < 0.001）;模块2和模块3中物种丰度与大部分养分含量呈正相关,与pH呈负相关。因此秸秆还田配施氮肥可以通过调节细菌互作关系,从而调控土壤肥力。研究结果可为秸秆的资源化利用和土壤施肥管理提供科学依据。     

农村秸秆产量的测算与影响因素分析——基于构建低碳农业经济的视角

在阐述我国秸秆的产量状况及利用发展趋势的基础上,选取秸秆产量、耕种面积、化肥用量、有效灌溉面积4个指标,依据1991～2008年《中国统计年鉴》相关数据,利用线性回归模型测算了我国农村秸秆产量,剖析了影响秸秆产量的因素,指出化肥的使用量是影响秸秆产量的重要因素。在此基础上,从低碳农业经济的角度,从改善化肥依赖性、开发秸秆再利用技术、积极推行秸秆气化技术以及提高农民低碳意识4个方面提出了秸秆综合利用的建议,以期能为决策者提供理论参考。     

Contribution of a straw bedding to digestible nutrient intake of pigs fed diets based on either native or pregelatinized potato starch

In a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, 16 groups of 12 pigs were assigned to one of two housing systems (straw bedding, S vs. Barren, B) and to one of two starch types (native, N vs. pregelatinized potato starch, P, each included at 35%) to study effects on apparent faecal digestible nutrient intakes. Intake of straw from bedding material was estimated, using several markers, and results are discussed. Straw intake of the S-pigs was estimated between 143 and 234 g DM/d for P-pigs and between 96 and 156 g DM/d for N-pigs, depending on the method used. Nutrient digestibility was reduced in N-pigs when compared with P-pigs. Intake of digestible dry matter, energy, starch and ADF was increased in S-pigs, but the intake of digestible protein was reduced. Despite greatly reduced nutrient digestibility in S-pigs, additional digestible nutrient intake due to housing on a straw bedding can be considerable.     

Effects of plastic mulches on root zone temperature and on the manifestation of tomato spotted wilt symptoms and yield of tomato

Tomato spotted wilt (TSW) disease is a serious constraint to tomato production in various regions of the world. The effect of TSW on tomato yield is largely influenced by time of infection. Early infection usually results in severe stunting of the seedling and even death of the plant. Plastic film mulches affect both the incidence of TSW, and plant growth and yield of tomato. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of root zone temperature (RZT) as affected by plastic film mulch on the manifestation of symptoms of TSW, and growth and yield of tomato plants either artificially inoculated with tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) or under natural TSW infection. In artificially inoculated plants as well as in plants under natural TSW infection, vegetative top fresh weight (FW) and fruit FW both increased with the length of time after transplanting that the plants remained free from TSW symptoms. The root zone temperature was highest under black mulch (seasonal mean = 27.5 °C), followed by gray (27.0 °C), silver (25.8 °C), and white (24.8 °C) mulches. The plants grown on black mulch showed the earliest appearance of TSW symptoms, and had significantly reduced vegetative growth and fruit yields compared to plants on the other mulches. In conclusion, utilization of plastic mulches that created conditions of high RZT stress resulted in reduced plant growth and yield and predisposed the plants to earlier expression of TSW symptoms compared to plants grown at RZTs more favorable to tomato plant growth (optimal RZT = 26.1 °C [Díaz-Pérez, J.C., Batal, K.D., Granberry, D., Bertrand, D., Giddings, D., Pappu, H., 2003. Vegetative top growth and yield of tomato grown on plastic film mulches as affected by the appearance of symptoms of Tomato spotted wilt virus. HortScience 38, 395–399]). Since these plant responses to TSW under heat stress occurred in artificially inoculated plants as well as in plants under natural TSW infection, high RZTs probably affected the plants directly, independently of any possible effects on the thrips vectors.     

残茬覆盖与耕作方式对夏玉米光合产物生产与分配的影响

通过大田试验,对小麦机械收获后残茬覆盖与不覆盖2种条件下,免耕、翻耕和间隔深松3种土壤耕作方式夏玉米光合产物的生产、积累和分配特性进行了研究,结果表明：残茬覆盖比不覆盖全生育期平均叶面积系数增加7．02％,总光合势增加7．07％,全生育期平均净同化率增加2．97％,单株干物质积累量增加9．36％,经济系数增加1．57％,最终单位面积子粒产量增加10．4％,达极显著水平。深松分别比翻耕和免耕全生育期平均面积系数高3．43％和5．70％,总光合势高2．73％和5．66％,单株干物质积累量高2．94％和6．74％,经济系数高0．90％和1．53％,最终子粒产量增加3．92％和5．95％,差异极显著。覆盖加深松产量比不覆盖免耕高15．9％。