Effect of process conditions and amylose/amylopectin ratio on the pasting behavior of maize starch: A modeling approach

The effects of different process conditions on the pasting behavior of the 14%, w/w suspensions of high amylose, waxy and normal maize starches at mixing speeds of 50, 160 and 250 rpm with the heating rates of 2.5, 5 and 10 °C/min were investigated. In addition, the impact of the starch mixture with an amylose-amylopectin ratio of 0–70% at 160 rpm and a heating rate of 5 °C/min on the pasting parameters was studied. According to the results, when stirring speed decreased from 250 rpm to 50 rpm, the peak viscosity dramatically increased. Furthermore, both heating and stirring rates significantly affected the pasting properties (p < 0.05). The amylose content of maize starch had a negative correlation with peak viscosity, trough viscosity, breakdown viscosity, final viscosity, and setback viscosity. Besides, syneresis values decreased as amylose content decreased from 70% to 0%. According to the kinetic modelling of pasting curves, starch coefficients were found to be higher than 1 for all starches, indicating that the penetration of water into starch granules increased granule swelling rate. The findings of the present study confirmed that both process conditions and amylose/amylopectin ratio can be optimized without necessity of starch modification to obtain the products with the desired quality.     

Thermal and rheological properties of brown flour from Indica rice

The thermal, paste and rheological properties of brown flours from four Indica rice subspecies with different amylose content were examined using Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Brabender Viscometer and rheometer. Peak, final and setback viscosities (p < 0.05) increased with increasing amylose content from Brabender micro Visco-Amylo-Graph (MVA), but the phase transition temperatures of brown rice flour from DSC (p < 0.05) decreased with increasing amylose content. Rheological properties were determined by steady shear, small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) and thixotropic experiments. SAOS results showed a gel-like viscoelastic behavior with G′ higher than G″. Steady-shear results showed that the brown rice flour exhibited a non-Newtonian shear-thinning behavior and the flow curves can be well described by the Herschel-Bulkley model. The upward-downward rheograms showed that brown rice flour gel, except IR-1, had a hysteresis loop, indicating a strong thixotropic behavior.     

Comparative study on the effects of buckwheat by roasting: Antioxidant properties,nutrients, pasting,and thermal properties

The increasing need to prolong the shelf life of buckwheat has prompted the use of roasting techniques in buckwheat processing. For effective roasting, the responses of common buckwheat (CB) and tartary buckwheat (TB) to the process should be explored. Herein, the antioxidant properties, nutrients, pasting, and thermal properties of raw and roasted buckwheat flours (roasted at 200 °C for 50 s) from two CB and three TB varieties were investigated. Results showed that roasting considerably reduced the total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenolic content (TPC) of TB. The TPC of CB was significantly improved by roasting, whereas the TFC significantly decreased. The total antioxidant capacities were consistent with the TPCs. Additionally, the colour deepened as the amount of antioxidant compounds increased. Unexpectedly, roasting enhanced the protein and fat contents of CB and decreased those of TB. Roasting improved the nutritional quality and antioxidant capacity of CB, and opposite results were obtained in TB. In conclusion, CB was more suitable to the development of roasted specialty products with nutritional applications than TB. We suggest that differences among varieties should be considered first in the buckwheat roasting process.     

171份小麦种质面粉糊化特性及其与品质性状的相关性分析

为了解我国现有小麦种质的面粉糊化特性,以来源于不同区域的171个小麦品种(系)为试验材料,分析了小麦面粉糊化特性及其与品质性状的相关性。结果表明,品种对面粉糊化参数有极显著影响(P0.01);糊化参数基本呈正态分布,约有81.9%的小麦峰值黏度集中在2 250～3 000 cP,筛选出峰值黏度较高的6个小麦品种(系)。糊化参数在不同小麦类型区的材料间差异程度不同,其中长江中下游冬麦区的峰值黏度显著高于北方冬麦区,与西南冬麦区、黄淮冬麦区和国外引进材料差异不显著。相关分析表明,峰值黏度与其他所有糊化参数均呈极显著正相关;与面粉白度、L~*值、稳定时间和粉质质量指数呈显著或极显著正相关,与b~*和吸水率则呈极显著负相关。     

Acetylation of intact white rice grains to alter the physicochemical properties

The effect of acetylation of milled rice grains of selected varieties (TDK 8, YRW 4, Reiziq, Amber 33, and SHZ 2) with varying apparent amylose contents (3.8–26.6%) on their physicochemical properties was investigated. Milled rice samples were treated with different acetic anhydride concentrations (0.004–0.04 g per 100 g of milled rice samples in 225 mL of water). Results showed that glutinous (TDK 8), very low amylose (YRW 4) and low amylose containing varieties (Reiziq) were prone to acetylation even with 0.004 g of acetic anhydride. X-ray diffraction patterns showed an increase in the crystallinity in acetylated samples and formation of V-type crystals, suggesting the possible interaction of acetic anhydride with starch. Acetylation of rice grains resulted in reduced peak and final viscosities and gel strength, particularly in glutinous (TDK 8) and very low amylose (YRW 4) rice. Differential calorimetric study showed that acetic anhydride treatment resulted in reduced thermal transition temperatures and enthalpy of all varieties. Although increase in the retrogradation thermal temperatures was observed, the enthalpy of retrogradation was reduced with increasing acetylation, suggesting that the extent of starch retrogradation was lower in all varieties with more prominent reduction in the glutinous type. Furthermore, the texture of cooked acetic anhydride treated rice grains was less hard and showed more adhesiveness. This study demonstrated that the acetylation of rice grains (instead of flour) was successfully achieved, showing the potential of applying acetylation to alter the textural, pasting, thermal and retrogradation properties of rice.     

制粉系统各粉路面粉的糊化特性

为了了解研究小麦制粉系统各粉路面粉的糊化特性变化状况,以磨粉系统各粉路抽取的60个面粉样品为研究对象,测定样品的糊化参数。分析比较结果表明,粉路各系统之间和系统内面粉样品的糊化特性也存在着不同程度的差异。心磨系统、渣磨系统和重筛系统小麦粉糊化温度相对较低,起始糊化时间短,峰值粘度高,蛋白质含量适中;不同粉路中小麦粉的水分、蛋白质、起始糊化时间和糊化温度变化不大。而峰值粘度、回生值和热糊稳定性无论在系统之间或者系统内变化均十分明显;破损值相对变化范围较小。     

生长秀节对糯玉米淀粉晶体结构和糊化特性的影响

以8个糯玉米品种为材料,利用X-射线衍射仪(X-Ray)和快速黏度分析仪(RVA)分析了淀粉在春季和秋季的晶体结构和糊化特性。结果表明,生长季节不影响淀粉的结晶类型,供试糯玉米淀粉样品的X-射线衍射图谱均表现出典型的“A”型衍射特征。然而,淀粉的晶体结构和糊化特性在生长季节间存在显著差异。和春季糯玉米淀粉相比,秋季糯玉米淀粉具有较高的结晶度、尖峰强度、峰值黏度、谷值黏度、终值黏度和崩解值。糯玉米淀粉的回复值较低,且秋季糯玉米淀粉显著低于春季糯玉米淀粉。淀粉的结晶度、尖峰强度和糊化特征值存在显著的基因型差异。相关分析表明,结晶度和各尖峰强度呈两两显著正相关。结晶度和峰值黏度、崩解值极显著正相关(相关系数分别为0.72和0.85),和谷值黏度、糊化温度显著正相关(相关系数分别为0.52和0.55),和回复值显著负相关(相关系数-0.49)。糯玉米淀粉糊化特性在不同生长季节中的变化主要由淀粉晶体结构(结晶度和尖峰强度)变化所致。     

Enhancement of the pasting properties of teff and maize starches through wet–heat processing with added stearic acid

This study determined the effects of stearic acid on the functional properties of teff starch, a compound granule starch in comparison to maize, a simple type granule starch. Stearic acid was incorporated into teff and maize starches and pasted (held for 5 or 120 min at 91 °C) with an RVA (Rapid Visco Analyser). Teff starch with added stearic acid (0.25 and 1.5% starch basis) did not produce a pasting peak viscosity within short holding time (5 min) compared to maize starch. The paste viscosity of both teff and maize starches with stearic acid increased by about three times with long pasting (120 min). This increase in paste viscosity occurred earlier for teff starch than maize starch. Teff starch with stearic acid was more viscous and was non-gelling. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that stearic acid did not diffuse in teff starch granules, but seemed to coat them. However, stearic acid diffused inside maize starch granules through channels. This microstructural difference may explain the different pasting behavior. The early high paste viscosity and non-gelling properties of the teff starch modified with stearic acid could have promising applications in foods, for example better mouthfeel with lower starch concentration.     

Effect of a gibberellin-biosynthesis inhibitor treatment on the physicochemical properties of sorghum starch

Inhibition of plant growth by Trinexapac-ethyl, TE, a gibberellin-biosynthesis inhibitor, can produce a shorter stemmed plant, requiring less nutrients and water to grow, while maintaining grain yield. Although TE and other plant growth regulators are commonly used in grain crops, their effects on starch biosynthesis in the grains have not been systematically examined. The changes in the structural and functional properties of starch in grains harvested from TE-treated sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) were examined, and the results compared with those from the untreated controls. TE treatment had little or no effects on the molecular structures of starch, starch granule morphology, and starch and amylose contents, but increased the protein content of the grains significantly. Consistent with the lack of change in the molecular structure, there were no significant effects on the thermal properties of the starch. The pasting properties of TE-treated sorghum flours, however, showed lower peak viscosity, trough, and final viscosity, which were attributed to their higher protein contents. The TE treatment thus does not have an appreciable effect on the biosynthesis of starch during grain development in sorghum.     

多层瓦楞纸淀粉胶的性能

分别以玉米淀粉、小麦淀粉、马铃薯淀粉为原料,采用二步法按不同配比制备多层瓦楞纸生产线用淀粉胶黏剂,并对其性能进行研究。结果表明,糊化温度随淀粉胶质量分数和NaOH质量分数的增大而降低;SteinHall黏度随NaOH质量分数增大先减小,当NaOH质量分数超过0.7%时,Stein-Hall黏度迅速增大。在同一温度时,Brabender黏度从大到小依次为马铃薯淀粉胶、小麦淀粉胶、玉米淀粉胶;经过同一放置时间时,Brabender黏度从大到小依次为马铃薯淀粉胶、玉米淀粉胶、小麦淀粉胶。