甘肃河西盐碱荒地开发对河流水质的影响

本文详尽分析了甘肃河西地区张掖临泽部分盐碱荒地开发对生态环境产生的主要污染参数、污染因子及污染物排放量，预测了洗盐废水中可溶性盐分对黑河水质的影响。     

聚脲防渗材料在大海子水库放水涵洞工程中的应用

针对大海子水库放水涵洞闸门前承压段3道伸缩缝止水功能部分失效、伸缩缝漏水防渗处理等问题,采取聚合物砂浆封缝、灌注水溶性聚氨酯堵漏、手工聚脲材料护面防渗等处理,为聚脲防渗材料在水库放水涵洞工程中的应用提供借鉴和经验.     

基于生态足迹分析的青海湟水河流域可持续发展能力

基于生态足迹模型,计算2000-2005年湟水河流域生态足迹.结果表明:6年来,湟水河流域人均生态足迹从2000年的1.426 5 hm2/人增加到2005年的1/659 6 hm2/人,人均生态承载力从2000年的1.116 8 hm2/人减少到2005年的1.056 9 hm2/人,人均生态赤字从2000年的0.443 8 hm2/人增加到2005年的0.729 5 hm2/人,生态压力指数从2000年的1.45上升到2005年的1.78,表征状态由较不安全(4级)上升到很不安全(5级),现有发展模式不变的话,预测2010年生态赤字达0.943 2 hm2/人,生态压力指数为2.07,处于极不安全状态(6级).同时,随着湟水河流域生态足迹多样性指数从2000年的1.03提高到2005年的1.29,GDP生态足迹由2000年的2.702 3hm2/104元降低到2005年的2.215 6 hm2/104元,发展能力从2000年的1.46增加到2005年的2.14,预测2010年发展能力将提高到2.71.基于可持续发展理论,提出了实现湟水河流域可持续发展的措施和对策.     

On the nature of fresh volcanic ashes as parent material ejected from the Sakurajima and Aso volcanoes

There are few pedological studies in Japan of fresh volcanic ash. Fundamental information of the material from which Japanese volcanic-ash soils have developed, is of importance to obtain a better understanding of pedogenesis of such soils. The present paper deals with the mechanical. mmeralogical, and chemical characteristics of fresh ash ejected from the Sakurajima and Aso volcanoes which are among the most active in Japan.     

Tillage and the environment in sub-tropical Australia—Tradeoffs and challenges

Tillage is defined here in a broad sense, including disturbance of the soil and crop residues, wheel traffic and sowing opportunities. In sub-tropical, semi-arid cropping areas in Australia, tillage systems have evolved from intensively tilled bare fallow systems, with high soil losses, to reduced and no tillage systems. In recent years, the use of controlled traffic has also increased. These conservation tillage systems are successful in reducing water erosion of soil and sediment-bound chemicals. Control of runoff of dissolved nutrients and weakly sorbed chemicals is less certain. Adoption of new practices appears to have been related to practical and economic considerations, and proved to be more profitable after a considerable period of research and development. However there are still challenges. One challenge is to ensure that systems that reduce soil erosion, which may involve greater use of chemicals, do not degrade water quality in streams. Another challenge is to ensure that systems that improve water entry do not increase drainage below the crop root zone, which would increase the risk of salinity. Better understanding of how tillage practices influence soil hydrology, runoff and erosion processes should lead to better tillage systems and enable better management of risks to water quality and soil health. Finally, the need to determine the effectiveness of in-field management practices in achieving stream water quality targets in large, multi-land use catchments will challenge our current knowledge base and the tools available.     

新疆农田排水技术治理盐碱地的发展概况

农田排水技术是解决土壤盐渍化的重要方式之一。近年来依赖合理的农业节水技术和管理理念对耕地进行改造,地下水位逐年降低,绿洲农业的快速发展使人们产生重灌轻排的思想。然而本质上盐分并未脱离土壤,耕地存在次生盐渍化风险,农田排水技术任重道远。实践证明,长期应用农田排水技术在盐碱地改良、提高作物产量、促进农业经济发展等方面起着积极作用。对解放以来新疆农田排水技术治理盐碱化的发展及概况进行梳理和总结,指出农田排水技术在实际发展中存在的实际问题,并提出新形势下通过排水技术治理盐碱化的措施与建议,为今后新疆滴灌盐渍区土壤治理提供参考。     

内蒙古河套灌区盐渍土持水特性的测定与分析

用压力排水法对氯化钠、氯化钙和碳酸氢钠盐渍土的持水特性进行了测定,结果表明,无论是氯盐土还是碳酸盐土其土水势绝对值都随含液量的减少而增大,同类盐渍土在含液量相同的情况下,土水势绝对值是随土壤溶液摩尔浓度增大而增大,并有很好的线性关系.     

灌区土壤盐渍化发展模拟预测与对策研究

以秦王川灌区观测和调查资料为依据,采用目前广为实用的MODFLOW地下水模拟软件,对灌区地下水动态进行了预测和分析,并对地下水质的发展趋势作出评价。灌溉实施以来,秦王川灌区地下水位逐年上升。未来10年内盐沼区面积扩大约为28 km2,并且将继续增加,地下水埋深0~2 m的面积达31.4 km2,占灌区面积的比例约为6%。未来20年地下水埋深0~2 m的面积达47 km2,占灌区面积的比例为10%左右。根据地下水位的变化特征,对控制土壤盐渍化发展的因素和对策进行了分析,提出以明沟排水为主,加大灌区下游地下水排泄能力;以渠灌为主,适度发展井灌,大力推行田间节水灌溉技术等对策。     

植物修复农田退水氮、磷污染研究进展

水环境污染是造成全球水资源水质性紧缺非常重要的因素。农业面源污染则是继工业源污染实施清洁生产得到有效治理之后水体污染主要的贡献者,特别是地表水中过量氮、磷的主要来源,受到越来越多的关注和重视。植物修复技术因其可以对受污染水体进行原位修复和避免二次污染等特点,逐渐被人们应用到污染水体的治理中。本文从植物修复农田退水氮、磷污染视角,综述了农田退水氮、磷在主要去除途径与影响因素方面所取得的研究进展,并针对植物修复农田退水实践中存在的问题,提出了继续强化植物组合对水污染负荷消减能力的研究,进一步扩展对植物的经济利用价值、生态景观价值和社会效益开展研究,以及深化植物修复从室内模拟到野外小区域示范、再到大区域的推广应用研究等建议,以期为进一步提升治理农田面源污染效果提供技术支撑。     

Evaluating the Impact of Irrigation and Drainage Policies on Agricultural Sustainability

Farmers in the Broadview Water District in central Californiahave been improving irrigation practices in response to risingirrigation water prices and reductions in water supply since1989, when incentive policies were first implemented to reducethe volume of subsurface drain water generated in theDistrict. The average salinity of water deliveries hasincreased, over time, as the District has recycled largeamounts of drainage water to achieve regional restrictions ondrainage water discharge. We review irrigation and drainageactivities in Broadview since 1986 with an emphasis on thesustainability of crop production when drainage discharge islimited. Average cotton yields in Broadview have declined inrecent years, both nominally and in comparison with averageyields reported for the large county in which Broadview islocated. Average tomato yields in Broadview have increased inrecent years, but county-wide yields have exceeded Broadviewyields with greater frequency than in the late 1980s. Theseobservations suggest that average crop yields in Broadview maybe starting to reflect the increasing salinity of soil andwater resources, which may be due in part to persistentrestrictions on drainage water discharge.